Kerem Ok

A Survey on Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology

Near Field Communication (NFC) as a promising short range wireless communication technology facilitates mobile phone usage of billions of people throughout the world that offers diverse services ranging from payment and loyalty applications to access keys for offices and houses. Eventually NFC technology integrates all such services into one single mobile phone. NFC technology has emerged lately, and consequently not much academic source is available yet. On the contrary, due to its promising business case options, there will be an increasing amount of work to be studied in the very close future. This paper presents the concept of NFC technology in a holistic approach with different perspectives, including communication essentials with standards, ecosystem and business issues, applications, and security issues. Open research areas and further recommended studies in terms of academic and business point of view are also explored and discussed at the end of each major subject’s subsection. This comprehensive survey will be a valuable guide for researchers and academicians as well as for business world interested in NFC technology.

Development of an Indoor Navigation System Using NFC Technology

Existing indoor navigation systems face with many different technical and usability problems. In this paper we present a Near Field Communication (NFC) based indoor navigation system called NFC Internal in order to eliminate the current indoor navigation problems. NFC Internal enables an easy data transfer for indoor navigation systems just by touching tags spread over a building or a complex. The proposed system has several benefits and has potential to increase the usability of these systems. We discuss the system requirements and explain the phases of NFC Internal through use cases.

The Survey on Near Field Communication

Near Field Communication (NFC) is an emerging short-range wireless communication technology that offers great and varied promise in services such as payment, ticketing, gaming, crowd sourcing, voting, navigation, and many others. NFC technology enables the integration of services from a wide range of applications into one single smartphone. NFC technology has emerged recently, and consequently not much academic data are available yet, although the number of academic research studies carried out in the past two years has already surpassed the total number of the prior works combined. This paper presents the concept of NFC technology in a holistic approach from different perspectives, including hardware improvement and optimization, communication essentials and standards, applications, secure elements, privacy and security, usability analysis, and ecosystem and business issues. Further research opportunities in terms of the academic and business points of view are also explored and discussed at the end of each section. This comprehensive survey will be a valuable guide for researchers and academicians, as well as for business in the NFC technology and ecosystem.

NFC Internal: An Indoor Navigation System

Indoor navigation systems have recently become a popular research field due to the lack of GPS signals indoors. Several indoors navigation systems have already been proposed in order to eliminate deficiencies; however each of them has several technical and usability limitations. In this study, we propose NFC Internal, a Near Field Communication (NFC)-based indoor navigation system, which enables users to navigate through a building or a complex by enabling a simple location update, simply by touching NFC tags those are spread around and orient users to the destination. In this paper, we initially present the system requirements, give the design details and study the viability of NFC Internal with a prototype application and a case study. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of the system and compare it with existing indoor navigation systems. It is seen that NFC Internal has considerable advantages and significant contributions to existing indoor navigation systems in terms of security and privacy, cost, performance, robustness, complexity, user preference and commercial availability.

A Role-Based Service Level NFC Ecosystem Model

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short range wireless communication technology allowing to communicate mobile devices within close proximity. It provides opportunity for service providers to offer various value added services to customers. NFC technology allows the usage of wide range of applications and eliminates the obligation to carry additional components other than the mobile device such as credit or payment cards, tickets, identification cards or keys. Despite its technological advantages over alternative ones, the NFC business ecosystems and services are yet to take off. The problems mainly arise with the business issues triggered by different and mostly conflicting needs of many actors in the ecosystem and several additional technical issues. In this study, by adopting a role-based service ecosystem modeling, we propose an NFC ecosystem model which perfectly specifies the roles in the ecosystem, and defines set of activities for each role, and communication structure. We analyzed NFC ecosystem in three phases as pre-installation, installation, and service usage. We have defined the activities and communication structure in the first two phases, and finally investigated the service usage phase in three different operating modes of NFC. After giving the details of the proposed ecosystem model, two use cases are given to validate the developed ecosystem model. We complete our study by discussing the requirement satisfaction.

NFC Loyal for Enhancing Loyalty Services Through Near Field Communication

Near Field Communication (NFC) as an emerging technology is currently leveraged by large standardization efforts and tries to find a suitable ecosystem. NFC enabled mobile devices with integrated smart cards introduce compelling opportunities and new business models. Development of new standards such as secure element (SE), smart card, secure channel, as well as JavaCard enables creating new ecosystems using a concurrent multi application platform which takes advantage of GlobalPlatform standards. We proposed NFC Loyal, which maintains storage, retrieval, and sharing among payment and loyalty applications through our proposed structure, called as Secure Common Domain Management (SCDM) system. SCDM as a centralized database management system on the SE stores valuable information provided by payment applications and shares them with loyalty applications through a secure channel. The direct outcome of using NFC Loyal is the increase in repeat purchases of customers; as well as being a beneficial business plan realized among the payment firms, loyalty firms, and the card owner, resulting in a win-win business model. In this study, we describe NFC Loyal model with its technical infrastructure, and present the NFC Loyal model’s life cycle management on SE.

Classification of NFC Applications in Diverse Service Domains

NFC (Near Field Communication) technology allows people to integrate their daily-use loyalty cards, credit cards etc. into their mobile phones. In addition to integrating those cards into mobile devices, NFC technology brings innovation opportunities to mobile communications. It enables two users to easily communicate and exchange data simply by touching two mobile phones to each other. The aim of this paper is to perform a brief review of the published NFC applications in literature and explored the benefits of these applications by classifying them in eight service domains. We believe that this analysis will provide valuable insights for performing rigorous and business relevant research on NFC applications and its service domains.

NFC loyal system on the cloud

NFC (Near Field Communication) technology facilitates mobile phone usage of billions of people throughout the world that offers diverse services ranging from payment and loyalty applications to access keys for offices and houses. NFC technology is one promising technology that have adopted smart card as secure element (SE) to provide a secure area for the execution of multiple applications and storing sensitive data. In this paper, we developed a framework to integrate NFC loyal system onto the cloud. We adapted NFC mobiles together with their SE to the cloud (Infrastructure as a Service - IaaS) using Cloud Computing methodology.

SIMSec: A Key Exchange Protocol Between SIM Card and Service Provider

Mobile technology is so popular and overdosed adoption is inevitable in today’s world. As the mobile technologies have advanced, Service Providers (SP) have offered services via Smartphones and some of them required secure data communication between the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards on Smartphones and the servers of SP. The latest SIM cards comply with recent specifications including secure domain generation, mobile signatures, pre-installed encryption keys, and other useful security services. Nevertheless, un-keyed SIM cards do not satisfy such requirements, thus end-to-end encryption between the SIM card and SP cannot be provided. In this paper, we provide a key exchange protocol, which creates a symmetric key through the collaborative work of the SIM card and the SP server. After a successful protocol performance, the SIM card and SP can perform end-to-end data encryption. After defining the protocol, we also discuss the security issues and provide a formal security analysis of the protocol using the Casper/FDR tool.

A Tokenization-Based Communication Architecture for HCE-Enabled NFC Services

Following the announcement of Host Card Emulation (HCE) technology, card emulation mode based Near Field Communication (NFC) services have gained further appreciation as an enabler of the Cloud-based Secure Element (SE) concept. A comprehensive and complete architecture with a centralized and feasible business model for diverse HCE-based NFC services will be highly appreciated, particularly by Service Providers and users. To satisfy the need in this new emerging research area, a Tokenization-based communication architecture for HCE-based NFC services is presented in this paper. Our architecture proposes Two-Phased Tokenization to enable the identity management of both user and Service Provider. NFC Smartphone users can store, manage, and make use of their sensitive data on the Cloud for NFC services; Service Providers can also provide diverse card emulation NFC services easily through the proposed architecture. In this paper, we initially present the Two-Phased Tokenization model and then validate the proposed architecture by providing a case study on access control. We further evaluate the usability aspect in terms of an authentication scheme. We then discuss the ecosystem and business model comprised of the proposed architecture and emphasize the contributions to ecosystem actors. Finally, suggestions are provided for data protection in transit and at rest.