Ketson Bruno da Silva

Desempenho de gotejadores operando com efluente da castanha de caju sob distintas pressões de serviço

Este trabalho objetivou analisar o efeito de distintas pressoes de servico no coeficiente de variacao da vazao (CVQ) de sistemas de irrigacao por gotejamento, operando com agua residuaria da castanha de caju. O experimento foi montado no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, tendo, nas parcelas, as pressoes de servico (70, 140, 210 e 280 kPa), nas subparcelas, os modelos de gotejadores (G1, G2 e G3) e, nas subsubparcelas, os periodos das avaliacoes (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 horas), no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com tres repeticoes. O CVQ das unidades de irrigacao, bem como as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas da agua residuaria, foram determinados a cada 20 h, ate completar o tempo de operacao de 160 h. Os resultados indicaram que a agua residuaria da castanha de caju representa risco de obstrucao de gotejadores, em relacao as caracteristicas pH, calcio, magnesio, manganes e solidos suspensos. O entupimento parcial dos gotejadores acarretou aumento do CVQ, nas unidades de irrigacao; e as unidades de irrigacao que funcionaram na pressao de servico P1 (70 kPa) apresentaram maior nivel de entupimento de gotejadores, em relacao as demais, em funcao da menor velocidade de escoamento de efluente no interior dos emissores.

MODELOS EMPÍRICOS DO DESEMPENHO DE GOTEJADORES APLICANDO ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DA CASTANHA DE CAJU

The objective of this work was to develop empirical models for hydraulic performance of drippers operating with cashew nut processing wastewater depending on operating time, operating pressure and effluent quality. The experiment consisted of two factors, types of drippers (D1=1.65 L h, D2=2.00 L h and D3=4.00 L h), and operating pressures (70, 140, 210 and 280 kPa), with three replications. The flow variation coefficient (FVC), distribution uniformity coefficient (DUC) and the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the effluent were evaluated every 20 hours until complete 160 hours of operation. Data were interpreted through simple and multiple linear stepwise regression models. The regression models that fitted to the FVC and DUC as a function of operating time were square root, linear and quadratic, with 17%, 17% and 8%, and 17%, 17% and 0%, respectively. The regression models that fitted to the FVC and DUC as a function of operating pressures were square root, linear and quadratic, with 11%, 22% and 0% and the 0%, 22% and 11%, respectively. Multiple linear regressions showed that the dissolved solids content is the main wastewater characteristic that interfere in the FVC and DUC values of the drip units D1 (1.65 L h-1) and D3 (4.00 L h-1), operating at work pressure of 70 kPa (P1).

Variabilidade Espacial e Temporal das Precipitações para a Microrregião de Pau dos Ferros-RN (Spatial and Temporal Variability of Precipitation for the Microregion of Pau dos Ferros-RN)

A precipitacao pluviometrica apresenta importância para os estudos climaticos, pois quando ocorrida em excesso, ocasiona implicacoes para os setores produtivos da sociedade tanto economico e social, causando enchentes, assoreamento dos rios, e quedas de barreiras. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar uma analise da variabilidade espacial e temporal da precipitacao pluvial media e da maxima media anual, para a microrregiao de Pau dos Ferros-RN, por meio de uma geotecnologia, especificamente modelagem espacial. Para realizacao do processamento dos dados e confeccao das cartas foi utilizado o SIG (Sistema de Informacao Geografica), onde os postos meteorologicos dos dezessete municipios foram georreferenciados para projecao cartografica UTM, DATUM WGS 84, fuso (zona) 24. O metodo de interpolacao utilizado foi o inverso do quadrado da distância (IQD). Para verificar a acuracia da interpolacao, foi calculado o erro medio quadratico (RMSE - Root Mean Square Error). O erro medio quadratico (RMSE) apresentou um valor de 0,06544 mm para a precipitacao media anual, ja para a precipitacao media maxima anual foi 0,00764 mm. O interpolador do inverso do quadrado da distância mostrou-se bastante eficaz para especializar a precipitacao pluviometrica. O conhecimento da variabilidade espacial das precipitacoes anuais e maximas ao longo da serie historica em estudo permitem auxiliar no manejo das praticas agricolas e no planejamento de obras de engenharia hidraulica. ABSTRACT Rainfall has importance for climate studies, because when it occurs in excess, leads to implications for the productive sectors of society both economic and social, causing flooding, siltation of rivers and landslides. This study aimed to perform an analysis of the variability spatial and temporal of rainfall and average maximum annual average for the micro region of Pau do Ferros-RN, through a geotechnology, specifically spatial modeling. To perform the data processing and manufacturing of the cards was used GIS (Geographic Information System), where the weather stations of the seventeen counties were georeferenced cartographic projection UTM, WGS 84 DATUM, zone (zone) 24. The interpolation method used was the inverse square of the distance (QID). To verify the accuracy of the interpolation, we calculated the root mean square error (RMSE). The root mean square error (RMSE) had a value of 10.6 mm for daily rainfall average annual, as for the daily rainfall average maximum annual was 12.8 mm. The knowledge of the spatial variability of annual rainfall and maximum along the historical series study to assisting in the management of agricultural practices and planning of hydraulic engineering. Keywords: precipitation, distribution, spatial modeling.

Vazão de gotejadores com distintos tempos de irrigação aplicando água residuária de suinocultura e água de abastecimento

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the proportion of time irrigation with swine wastewater (ARS) and supply water (AA) on alteration of drippers flow rate. The experiment was set up on split-split-plot scheme with proportions of irrigation time of ARS and AA (1E3A - 1 h of ARS and 3 h of AA, 2E2A - 2 h of ARS and 2 h of AA, 3E1A - 3 h of ARS and 1 h of AA and 4E - 4 h of ARS) in the plot, kind drippers (G1, G2 and G3) in the subplots and the operation time (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 h) in the sub-subplots on an entirely randomized design, with three replicates. The physico-chemical and biological characteristics of ARS and AA were obtained every 20 h and 80 h, respectively. The flow rate was determined in 22 drippers of each lateral line, also, every 20 h. After 160 h, drippers and lateral line were dissected to investigate the material of obstruction. The combination of drippers G1 and G3 with the proportions of irrigation time 1E3A and 4E minimized clogging process, where the reduction on flow rate values were of 16 and 8%, respectively, after 160 h of operation of the irrigation units.