Keunhwa Lee

High frequency measurements of sound speed and attenuation in water-saturated glass-beads of varying size

Acoustic measurements of p-wave speed and attenuation were made for water-saturated granular medium, consisting of six kinds of glass-beads with mean grain size ranging from 90 to 875 microm, at frequency range between 400 kHz and 1.1 MHz. Sound speed and attenuation were obtained using the inter-receiver broadband estimation technique. The measured data exhibit various frequency dependencies for the different mean grain sizes, consistent with earlier measurements from other researches. These results reveal that the trend of dispersion relation for the sound speed and attenuation, in the high frequency region, is strongly dependent on the range of Rayleigh parameter kd.

Adaptive Surface Interference Suppression for Matched-Mode Source Localization

Localizing a quiet submerged target in the presence of loud interfering surface ships is an important problem for matched-field processing (MFP) in shallow water. Typically, a data-driven interference suppression scheme is employed which requires neither prior information of the interferers location nor filter design optimization and iterative estimation. However, the target and the interferers are usually in motion resulting in spreading or mixing of signal energies in their subspaces, thus making it difficult to determine the interference subspace dimension. In this paper, we exploit the difference in modal amplitudes for surface and submerged sources by eigenanalysis of the modal cross-spectral density matrix (CSDM). Simulation and experimental data results show that the interference subspace can be estimated adaptively and the beam output for the target is enhanced.

Range-dependent geoacoustic inversion of vertical line array data using matched beam processing

This paper describes the results of range-dependent geoacoustic inversion using vertical line array data obtained from the 4th Matched Acoustic Properties and Localization Experiment conducted in the East Sea of Korea. The narrowband multitone continuous-wave signal from the towed source was analyzed to estimate the range-dependent geoacoustic properties along the radial track. The primary approach is based on the sectorwise inversion scheme. The inversion region up to 7.5 km from the vertical line array was divided into several segments, and the subinversions for each segment were performed sequentially. To reduce the dominance of low-angle arrivals, which bears little information for the bottom segment in question, matched beam processing with beam filtering was used for the cost function. The performance of proposed algorithm was tested using simulated data for an environment representative of the experimental site. The inversion results for the experimental data were consistent with the geophysical database and were validated from matched-field source localization using frequencies different from those used in the inversion.

Time-domain Kirchhoff model for acoustic scattering from an impedance polygon facet

Kirchhoff formula for an impedance polygon facet is given in the time domain. The derived formula is expressed as a summation of the transient analytic functions and generalized functions and represents an impulse response of the impedance polygon facet. Current formula can be applied to transient scattering analysis of underwater objects such as fish and submarine, or rough surface in the geometrical scattering region.

GEOMETRICAL RAY-BUNDLE REVERBERATION MODELING

The classical ray approach for monostatic ocean boundary reverberation has been re-examined based on a geometrical ray-bundle concept. In this new formulation, the impulse response for the averaged scattering intensity is expressed by a simple function consisting of continuous ray-bundle quantities with respect to the time, and which can be regarded as a generalized function for ray-based reverberation in a boundary cell. To numerically evaluate this impulse response, a zeroth- and a first-order polynomial interpolation method are respectively applied to approximate the ray-bundle quantities. Then, the impulse function is reduced to the forms of the delta function and the rectangular function either with or without linear amplitude modulation linear in time. These basic functions are used to develop an explicit numerical scheme for the monostatic reverberation, which originates in the split-step marching algorithm for the range. This numerical scheme provides a considerable accuracy even with larger range steps and gives reasonable results for numerical examples of ocean waveguides with isovelocity, summer, and winter sound-speed profiles.

A simplified pseudo-fluid model derived from biot theory through low grazing angle approximation

We propose an approximation technique with which the porous Biot model can be converted into a pseudo-fluid medium model, i.e., a medium represented by its sound speed and density. This technique begins from an analytic derivation of the reflection coefficient on a planar interface of fluid and porous ocean sediment. Invoking the low grazing angle approximation, useful for solving long range propagation problems, the pseudo-fluid medium is obtained. Alternate pseudo-fluid medium can be obtained through the weak frame approximation (Williams, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 2276-2281, 2001). In this paper, we discuss the accuracy and limitations of the low grazing angle approximation by numerically comparing the reflection coefficient to the full Biot model cases as functions of various Biot parameters, frequency, and water sound speed. The usefulness of the present low grazing angle approximated pseudo-fluid medium in ocean wave propagation modeling is demonstrated by comparing the transmission loss results with that of the full Biot model

An Algorithm for Submarine Passive Sonar Simulator

Actual maritime exercise for improving the capability of submarine sonar operator leads to a lot of cost and constraints. Sonar simulator maximizes the capability of sonar operator and training effect by solving these problems and simulating a realistic battlefield environment. In this study, a passive sonar simulator algorithm is suggested, where the simulator is divided into three modules: maneuvering module, noise source module, and sound propagation module. Maneuvering module is implemented in three-dimensional coordinate system and time interval is set as the rate of vessel changing course. Noise source module consists of target noise, ocean ambient noise, and self noise. Target noise is divided into modulated/unmodulated and narrowband/broadband signals as their frequency characteristics, and they are applied to ship radiated noise level depending on the vessel tonnage and velocity. Ocean ambient noise is simulated depending on the wind noise considering the waveguide effect and other ambient noise. Self noise is also simulated for flow noise and insertion loss of sonar-dome. The sound propagation module is based on ray propagation, where summation of amplitude, phase, and time delay for each eigen-ray is multiplied by target noise in the frequency domain. Finally, simulated results based on various scenarios are in good agreement with generated noise in the real ocean.

High frequency p-wave attenuation dispersion in water-saturated granular medium with bimodal grain size distribution

Compressional wave attenuation in water-saturated granular medium depends on both the frequency and grain size. In recent series of high frequency measurements on porous medium, such as water-saturated glass beads and marine sediments, the effect of grain size distribution on attenuation has been investigated, and a variety of grain size dependence on attenuation has been reported. Particularly, dispersion relation in the granular medium with bimodal grain size distribution is significantly different from that in the medium with unimodal grain size distribution. In this study, two sets of glass beads experiments employing unimodal and bimodal grain size distributions are performed. In order to examine wave propagation phenomenon in the bimodal grains, the attenuation dispersion is represented as a function of three parameters; porosity, volume fraction of scatterers, and Rayleigh parameter kd. Heuristic dispersion model considering scattering phenomenon will also be discussed for comparison with measurements.

Acoustic Rayleigh scattering in water-saturated granular medium with quasicrystalline approximation.

A closed-form solution for the effective wavenumber in a water-saturated medium as a function of the Rayleigh parameter is derived up to the second leading terms in the real part and first leading term in the imaginary part. This is based on the Waterman multiple scattering formulation with the quasicrystalline approximation (QCA) and the Percus-Yevick pair-correlation function. The formulas resultant sound speed and attenuation are compared to the regression relation matching the measurements in the Rayleigh scattering region [Kimura, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129(6), 3544-3561 (2011)]. The sound speeds are comparable. However, for the attenuation, it is shown that the QCA result underestimates the measured attenuation while its behavior exhibits similar frequency dependency of f(4).

Development of Range-Dependent Ray Model for Sonar Simulator

Sound propagation algorithm for a sonar simulator is required to run in real-time and should be able to model the range and depth dependence of the Korean ocean environments. Ray model satisfies these requirements and we developed an algorithm for range-dependent ocean environments. In this algorithm, we considered depth-dependence of sound speed through rays based on a rectangular cell method and layer method. Range-dependence of sound speed was implemented based on a split-step method in the range direction. Eigen-ray is calculated through an interpolation of ray bundles and Gaussian interpolation function was used. The received time signal of sonar was simulated by Fourier transform of eigen-ray solution in the frequency domain. Finally, for the verification of proposed algorithm, we compared the results of transmission loss with other validated models such as BELLHOP, SNUPE, KRAKEN and OASES, for the Pekeris waveguide, wedge, and deep ocean environments. As a result, we obtained satisfactory agreements among them.