Kevin J. Finn

Comparison of Actiwatch activity monitor and Children's Activity Rating Scale in children.

PURPOSE The Childrens Activity Rating Scale (CARS) is a rating scale that is used in direct observation of physical activity in children. Direct observation is costly and tedious, and accuracy may decrease as the observation period lengthens. Recently, motion sensors have gained acceptance for assessment of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to compare 6 h of activity levels using simultaneous monitoring of preschool aged children with CARS and the Actiwatch (Mini-mitter Company Inc.) activity monitor. METHODS A total of 40 children had 5-6 h (mean of 5.9 h) of direct observation while wearing a monitor on the waist. Simultaneous 3-min mean CARS scores and 3-min activity counts were matched for each subject. RESULTS The range for the mean 3-min CARS scores ranged from 1.00 to 4.50. The 3-min activity counts ranged from 0 to 9,695 with a mean of 670 (median 243). The within child correlations between the 3-min CARS score and the 3-min sensor readings ranged from 0.03 to 0.92 (median of 0.74). We found the correlation coefficients were higher in those children who were more active, probably due to the larger ranges in the CARS scores. When using mixed model repeated measures, sensor readings were significantly associated with CARS (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the 3-min CARS score correlates with 3-min activity counts, favoring the use of the activity monitors in assessing physical activity in preschool-aged children.

Total Body Bone Mineral Content and Tibial Cortical Bone Measures in Preschool Children

This study was undertaken to identify factors that influence total body bone area (TBBA), total body bone mineral content (TBBMC), and tibial cortical bone measures in 239 children aged 3–5 years. We obtained information on demographic and anthropometric characteristics and measurements of diet, physical activity, and strength. In multiple regression analysis, TBBA correlated with height (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.001), percent body fat (p < 0.001), and calcium intake (p = 0.02). TBBMC correlated with TBBA (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.001), and weight (p = 0.02) and inversely correlated with height (p < 0.001) and percent body fat (p < 0.001). Children born preterm had lower TBBMC compared with children born at term (p = 0.02). Both periosteal and endosteal circumferences were correlated with weight (both, p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with age (p = 0.006 and p = 0.003, respectively) and percent body fat (p = 0.002 and p = 0.005 respectively). Endosteal circumference was greater and cortical bone area was lower in children born preterm compared with those born at term (both, p = 0.04). Findings of higher TBBA and lower TBBMC in children with high percent body fat indicate undermineralization of bone and suggest that obesity in preschool children may have detrimental effects on total body bone mass accretion. A smaller tibial periosteal circumference and thus cross‐sectional area in children with the same weight but higher percent body fat also would lead to a biomechanical disadvantage in these children. Findings of low TBBMC and cortical bone area among children born preterm need to be confirmed in other populations. We speculate that differences in these measurements between children born preterm and at term may be caused by differences in activity.

Effects of carbohydrate refeeding on physiological responses and psychological and physical performance following acute weight reduction in collegiate wrestlers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of carbohydrate refeeding on intermittent sprint exercise, blood lactate response, and mood following a typical weight-reduction program practiced by college wrestlers. Fifteen collegiate wrestlers from the University of Northern Iowa completed 3 trials of intermittent arm cranking and a mood inventory prior to weigh-ins (baseline), after weigh-ins, and 1 hour postcon-sumption of either 1.5 g carbohydrate (CHO)/kg body mass carbohydrate beverage (25% solution) or placebo taken within 1 hour after weigh-ins. Blood lactate responses were determined with each trial. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated no significant interaction between group and trial for total work (p = 0.08), blood lactate (p = 0.29), positive mood (p = 0.49), or negative mood (p = 0.78). Simple effects analysis indicated a significant difference in lactate response between trials (p = 0.002); however, no difference for work (p = 0.75), positive mood (p = 0.13), or negative mood (p = 0.08). The results of this study suggest that intermittent sprint exercise, blood lactate response, and mood were not positively affected by ingestion of CHOs following an acute weight-reduction period.

Cross-Validation of a PACER Prediction Equation for Assessing Aerobic Capacity in Hungarian Youth

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to evaluate the validity of the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular and Endurance Run (PACER) test in a sample of Hungarian youth. Method: Approximately 500 participants (aged 10–18 years old) were randomly selected across Hungary to complete both laboratory (maximal treadmill protocol) and field assessments (PACER) of aerobic capacity. Agreement between lab- and PACER-derived peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was examined using linear regression and 2-sided equivalence testing techniques, respectively. The impact of agreement on the classification accuracy of peak VO2 estimates into FITNESSGRAM® fitness zones was determined with kappa statistics. Results: The final sample resulted in a total of 167 boys and 143 girls (N = 310). Analyses revealed that lab and PACER VO2 shared 13% to 18% of their variance (R2boys = .13, R2girls = .18) and that limits of agreement ranged from − 39.9 mL/kg/min to +37.6 mL/kg/min depending on the sex. The absolute error values were 14% for boys and 16% for girls; however, the average peak VO2 estimates from the PACER were within the 10% equivalence region for girls (37.2 mL/kg/min to 45.4 mL/kg/min), but not for boys (45.2 mL/kg/min to 55.2 mL/kg/min). When lab and PACER VO2 were categorized according to Fitnessgram zones, agreement was fair for both sexes (boys, Kappa = .25, and girls, Kappa = .31). Conclusions: Although the correlations between measured and predicted peak VO2 were lower than expected, the magnitude of error observed in the PACER is similar to past ranges of error observed in other studies (10%–15%), but the large individual error should be considered when interpreting individual results from this field-based measure of aerobic capacity. There was reasonable classification agreement between lab estimates and the PACER test for classification into the various fitness standards.

Body Composition Comparisons by Age Groups in Hungarian Adults

La evaluacion de la composicion corporal proporciona una base para evaluar cambios en adultos a medida que envejecen. Al determinar que el contenido de grasa es demasiado alto, se justifica la intervencion para reducir esta grasa de almacenamiento. El proposito de este trabajo fue reportar las diferencias en la composicion corporal en hombres y mujeres de tres grupos etarios (jovenes, de mediana edad y adultos mayores) para describir los cambios potenciales en grasa y musculatura. Ademas, el almacenamiento de grasa que se encuentra en la zona visceral (alrededor de los organos internos) constituye un riesgo importante para la salud. Un total de 1564 adultos hungaros fueron incluidos en el estudio para definir el indice de masa corporal (IMC) y la composicion corporal utilizando un dispositivo de impedancia electrica de multiples frecuencias para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PBF), porcentaje de la musculatura (M%) y el area de grasa visceral. Fue realizadoun analisis descriptivo y de varianza para comparar los valores medios de cada uno de los tres grupos. Comparaciones post hoc se realizaron en los hallazgos significativos. Los resultados indicaron un aumento en el IMC, PBF y area de grasa visceral, y una disminucion de M%. Estas diferencias fueron evidentes en los jovenes, a diferencia de los adultos de mediana edad y de edad avanzada, como tambien entre los adultos de mediana edad y adultos mayores. Los niveles de musculatura fueron significativamente menores a medida que la edad avanzaba. Esto dio lugar a diferencias significativas en el IMC entre los adultos de mediana edad y adultos mayores. Esta reduccion de la musculatura es alarmante debido a que antes de la edad prevista para la sarcopenia, los adultos de mediana edad muestran disminucion en el tejido que beneficiaria la calidad de vida. Se requieren estudios longitudinales para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Overview of the Hungarian National Youth Fitness Study

The 2012 Public Act on Education in Hungary made daily physical education (PE) a mandatory part of the school day starting in the 2012–2013 school year. This directive was linked to a significant reorganization of the Hungarian education system including a new National Core Curriculum that regulates the objectives and contents of PE. The Hungarian School Sport Federation (HSSF) recognized the opportunity and created the Strategic Actions for Health-Enhancing Physical Education or Testnevelés az Egészségfejlesztésben Stratégiai Intézkedések (TESI) project. Physical fitness assessments have been a traditional part of the Hungarian PE program; however, the TESI plan called for the use of a new health-related battery and assessment system to usher in a new era of fitness education in the country. The HSSF enlisted the Cooper Institute to assist in building an infrastructure for full deployment of a national student fitness assessment program based on the FITNESSGRAM® in Hungarian schools. The result is a new software-supported test battery, namely the Hungarian National Student Fitness Test (NETFIT), which uses health-related, criterion-referenced youth fitness standards. The NETFIT system now serves as a compulsory fitness assessment for all Hungarian schools. This article details the development process for the test battery and summarizes the aims and methods of the Hungarian National Youth Fitness Study.

Influence of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy on resting blood pressure in aging adults

This double-blind study tested the effects of pulsating electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy sessions on the changes in peripheral cardiovascular function in a group of aging adults after 12 weeks of treatment. Each therapy session involved 15 min of exposure to low-frequency PEMF with asymmetrical waveforms emitted by the Impulser™ Pro mattress. The treatment was provided 5 days per week for a total of 60 sessions. Resting blood pressure and arterial stiffness index were determined for peripheral cardiovascular function. Fifty-four older men and women (mean age 59.8 ± 3.5 yrs) completed the entire protocol involving either the PEMF or a sham treatment. The results include statistically significant reductions in systolic and pulse blood pressure, while no significant difference in diastolic pressure or the index of arterial stiffness was observed. These findings suggest that the PEMF treatment might be linked to improvements in peripheral resistance or circulation.

Step-count guidelines referenced on 60-minutes of moderate/vigorous physical activity

The purpose of this study was to establish step-count guidelines for sixth-grade students and assess the ability of step-counts to discriminate between students achieving and not achieving 60-minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily. 201 sixth-grade students completed the study. They wore a pedometer and an accelerometer at the waist level for one full day. ROC curves were used to establish step-count guidelines and determine the diagnostic accuracy of step-counts. Sixth grade students need 12,118 steps/day to reach adequate daily levels of physical activity. The AUC indicated good diagnostic accuracy of step-counts. Suggested step-count guidelines can be a useful tool for identifying children who need to increase their daily levels of physical activity. The step-count cutoff proposed in this study is adequate for discriminating between sixth grade students reaching and not reaching recommended levels of physical activity.