Khaled S. M. Essa

Survey and Assessment of Wind-speed and Windpower in Egypt, including Air Density Variation

Nearly 5 years of meteorological data were analysed from 18 stations throughout Egypt, classified as located in Mediterranean, Inland, and Red Sea zones. The national annual average wind speed was 5.8 m/s at 10 m height. The Hurguda station (Red Sea coast) has 5.8 m/s mean annual wind speed and the largest peak wind speed there was 13.8 m/s, with 98% of wind-speed records being in the range of 3 to 10 m/s. Dekhala station (Inland) has the least annual average wind speed of 2.3 m/s, with 98.5% of wind speed records in the range of 1 to 5 m/s. For Mediterranean stations, Port Said has the largest mean wind speed of 4.9 m/s. A general wind energy potential considering both wind speed and air density was derived. Comparison are made between Weibull, Rayleigh, and actual data distributions of wind speed and wind power of two years (2003 and 2004). A Weibull distribution is the best match to the actual probability distribution of wind speed data for most stations. The maximum wind energy potential was 373 W/m2 in June at El-Tor (Red Sea coast) where the annual mean value was 207 W/m2.

Statistical Evaluation of Wind Energy at Inshas, Egypt

The wind speed at Inshas, Egypt in 2003 is considered as a case study. A statistical analysis gave the annual average wind speed as 3.80 m/s, in the range of 3.0 to 5.0 m/s for 89% of the time. Comparison among Weibull, Rayleigh, and actual data distributions of wind speed and wind power indicates that the Weibull distribution is the better fit. The mean monthly wind speed had its maximum in December and its minimum in February. The maximum wind energy potential was 63.6 W/m2 in December and, the annual mean value was 34.4 W/m2.

The Effect of Air Density Variation on Wind Power Flux

Wind energy potential is proportional to both air density and the third power of the wind speed averaged over a suitable time period. The wind speed and air density are random variables depending on both time and location. The main objective of this paper is to derive a general wind energy potential formulation, considering the time dependence of both wind speed and air density. A correction factor is derived explicitly in terms of the cross-correlation and the coefficients of variation. The application is performed for environmental and wind speed measurements at the Radiation Protection Department, Nuclear Research Center at Inshas, Egypt.

Atmospheric vertical dispersion in moderate winds with eddy diffusivities as power law functions

The vertical diffusion of a passive tracer released from a source in an unstable stratified boundary layer is studied by comparing an analytical model and experiments. The analytical solution is obtained by assuming power-law profiles for the mean velocity and vertical eddy diffusivity coefficients in the advection-diffusion equation. The analytical solution obtained leads to a non-Gaussian distribution for the vertical distribution of the concentrations at the plume centerline. The analytical model is compared with data collected from nine experiments conducted at Inshas, Cairo (Egypt). The model shows a good agreement between observed and calculated concentrations.

Modeling of atmospheric dispersion with dry deposition: an application on a research reactor

An analytical solution of the three dimensional advection-diffusion equations has been formulated to simulate the dispersion of pollutants in the planetary boundary layer. The solution is based on the assumption that the concentration distribution of pollutants in the crosswind direction has a Gaussian shape and the wind speed is constant. The analytical solution has been obtained in two cases where, the vertical eddy diffusivity is taken to be dependent on: (a) the downwind distance x only and (b) the vertical height z only. The dry deposition of the diffusing particles on the ground is taken into account throughout the boundary conditions. The resulting analytical formulae have been applied to calculate the concentration of I-131 using data collected from the experiments conducted to collect air samples around the Research Reactor. Statistical measures are utilized in the comparison between the predicted and observed concentrations. The results are discussed and presented in tables and illustrative figures.

The radiological impact on some workers due to the natural radionuclides from some industries

A total of 37 different soil samples and 22 air samples were collected from natural industrial sources. The air samples were collected at a height of 1 m above the ground on 10.4 cm diameter filter paper (with a desired collection efficiency) using a high-volume air sampler. The activity concentration levels of naturally occurring radionuclides such as the U-238 series and Th-232 series were measured using high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. Specific activities ranged from 3.9 to 8574 Bq/kg for different types of rocks for the U-238 series and from 2.9 to 6431 Bq/kg for the Th-232 series. The activity concentration for the air samples ranged from 0.29 to 0.56 Bq/m³ for the U-238 series and from 0.1 to 0.17 Bq/m³ for the Th-232 series at a 1 m circle. The γ-absorbed dose rates (nGy/h) due to contaminated ground and air submersion were calculated. The equivalent dose (mSv/y) for each organ was calculated. Then, the total annual effective dose (mSv/y) to workers due to the U-238 series and Th-232 series was estimated to be 0.6014 mSv/y.

Feasibility Study of Electrical Generation by Wind Energy on the Red-Sea Coast in Egypt

The wind characteristic for six stations, on the Red Sea and Sinai coasts in Egypt, are analyzed for power generation. The Weibull parameters are determined by two methods. The best locations are El-Tur, Hurghada and Zafarana, where annual average wind speed at 10m are greater than 4.5m/s.

Solution of the Advection Diffusion Equation in Two Dimensions: An Application in the Deposition and Non-Deposition Materials

The advection diffusion equation is solved in two dimensional space (x, z) using separation variables method to obtain the crosswind integrated concentration from a point source, considering there is deposition of pollutant on the ground. The comparing between the predicted model and observed data in the cases of deposition and non-deposition.