Khalid Umar

Modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine response by thymoquinone in the collagen induced arthritis in Wistar rats.

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the major active compound derived from Nigella sativa. Our aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiarthritic activity of TQ in Wistar rat by collagen induced arthritis (CIA). TQ was administered at a dose of 5mgkg(-1) body weight once daily for 21days. The effects of treatment in the rats were assessed by biochemical (articular elastase, MPO, LPO, GSH, catalase, SOD and NO), inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ and PGE(2)) and histological studies in joints. TQ was effective in bringing significant changes on all the parameters (articular elastase, MPO, LPO, GSH, catalase, SOD and NO) studied. Oral administration of TQ resulted in significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and PGE(2)) and increased level of IL-10. The protective effects of TQ against RA were also evident from the decrease in arthritis scoring and bone histology. In conclusion, the fact that TQ abolished a number of factors known to be involved in RA pathogenesis indicates that the administration of thymoquinone may have potential value in the treatment of inflammatory disease.

Piperine ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation and histological outcome in collagen induced arthritis

OBJECTIVES Piperine, a main component of Piper species, is a plant alkaloid with a long history of medical use in a variety of inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. Due to side effects in current treatment modalities of rheumatoid arthritis, the interest in alternative, well tolerated anti-inflammatory remedies has re-emerged. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine. METHODS Arthritis was induced in male Wistar rats by collagen induced arthritis (CIA) method. Piperine was administered at a dose of 100mgkg(-1) and indomethacin at 1mgkg(-1) body weight once daily for 21days. The effects of treatment in the rats were assessed by biochemical (articular elastase, MPO, LPO, GSH, Catalase, SOD and NO), inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 and PGE2) and histological studies in joints. RESULTS Piperine was effective in bringing significant changes on all the parameters (articular elastase, MPO, LPO, GSH, Catalase, SOD and NO) studied. Oral administration of piperine resulted in significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α and PGE2) and increased level of IL-10. The protective effects of piperine against RA were also evident from the decrease in arthritis scoring and bone histology. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the fact that piperine alter a number of factors known to be involved in RA pathogenesis indicates that piperine can be used similar to indomethacin as a safe and effective therapy for CIA and may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Boswellia serrata extract attenuates inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in collagen induced arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease which leads to destruction of joints. Current treatment modalities for RA either produce symptomatic relief (NSAIDs) or modify the disease process (DMARDs). Though effective, their use is also limited by their side effects. As a result, the interest in alternative, well tolerated anti-inflammatory remedies has re-emerged. Our aim was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiarthritic activity of Boswellia serrata gum resin extract (BSE) in collagen induced arthritis. Arthritis was induced in male Wistar rats by collagen induced arthritis (CIA) method. BSE was administered at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg body weight once daily for 21 days. The effects of treatment in the rats were assessed by biochemical (articular elastase, MPO, LPO, GSH, catalase, SOD and NO), inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ and PGE2), and histological studies in joints. BSE was effective in bringing significant changes on all the parameters (articular elastase, MPO, LPO, GSH, catalase, SOD and NO) studied. Oral administration of BSE resulted in significantly reduced levels of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and PGE2), and increased level of IL-10. The protective effects of BSE against RA were also evident from the decrease in arthritis scoring and bone histology. The abilities to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines and modulation of antioxidant status suggest that the protective effect of Boswellia serrata extract on arthritis in rats might be mediated via the modulation of immune system.

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and applications of polyanilineTi(IV)arsenophosphate adsorbent for the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants

A novel polyaniline based composite cation exchange material has been synthesized by simple chemical route and characterized on the basis of sophisticated techniques. XRD and SEM analyses reveal the amorphous morphology of the material. The partition coefficient studies of different metal ions on the material were performed in DMW and diverse concentrations of HClO4 solutions. On the basis of high Kd values some significant separations of heavy toxic metal ions were achieved from synthetic mixtures as well as tap water samples by using columns of this exchanger. For the optimum adsorption of dye on the material, the effect of various parameters along with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm were examined. The observed result of conducting measurement indicates that the material covers semiconductor range. The photochemical degradation of industrial dyes and antimicrobial activity were also investigated which show significant results than some of the known antibiotics. On the basis of good ion exchange capacity along with photochemical degradation and microbial activity, polyanilineTi(IV)arsenophosphate can be considered as an excellent conducting material for the treatment metal ions and degradation of organic pollutants.

Synthesis, characterization, photolytic degradation, electrical conductivity and applications of a nanocomposite adsorbent for the treatment of pollutants

A new semi-crystalline nanocomposite cation exchanger has been synthesized by the sol–gel method and characterized on the basis of FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA and CHNO analysis. The ion-exchange material was synthesized at pH 1.0 and shows an ion exchange capacity of 1.37 meq g−1 for Na+ ions. The composite material exhibits improved ion exchange capacity along with chemical and thermal stability. It can be used at up to 300 °C, with 98% retention of its initial ion-exchange capacity. The conductivity of different samples of composite material was found to be in the semiconducting range, which indicates that the conductivity of the samples is highly dependent on the % of inorganic precipitate. The photochemical degradation of industrial dye was also investigated using this composite. The distribution coefficient studies of metal ions on the material were performed in different concentrations of surfactants (Tween 80, CPC) and on mixtures (solvent + surfactant). On the basis of Kd values the material was found to be selective for Hg(II), Bi(III), Zr(IV) and Pb(II) ions. Some analytically important separations of metal ions in synthetic mixtures and real samples were achieved on the column of this exchanger. The limits of detection for Pb(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II) were found to be 0.32, 0.92 and 0.50 μg L−1 and the limits of quantification were found to be 1.07, 3.08 and 1.69, respectively. Besides the ion-exchanger, polyaniline Ti(IV)As composite material has been successfully applied for the photochemical degradation of industrial dye as well as a conducting material.

Photocatalysed decolourization of two textile dye derivatives, Martius Yellow and Acid Blue 129, in UV-irradiated aqueous suspensions of Titania

Abstract Photocatalysed decolourization of two textile dye derivatives, Martius Yellow and Acid Blue 129, has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide under a variety of conditions. The decolourization was studied by monitoring the decrease in dye concentration as a function of irradiation time employing the UV spectroscopic analysis technique. The decolourization kinetics was investigated under different conditions such as types of TiO2 (Anatase [Hombikat UV-100 and PC500]/Anatase–Rutile mixture [Degussa P25]), initial reaction pH, catalyst dosage, dye concentration and in the presence of electron acceptors such as potassium bromate, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium persulphate. The decolourization of both dyes was also investigated under sunlight. The decolourization rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. The photocatalyst Degussa P25 was found to be more efficient for the decolourization of dye derivative Martius Yellow, while UV100 was better for the ...

Semiconductor Mediated Photocatalysed Reaction of Two Selected Organic Compounds in Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide

Abstract Semiconductor mediated hydrogen peroxide-assisted photocatalytic degradation of two selected pesticide compounds, chloramben (1) and cyanazine (2) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions under a variety of conditions. The degradation was studied by monitoring the depletion in total organic carbon (TOC) content and decrease in substrate concentration as a function of irradiation time. The degradation kinetics of pesticide compounds 1 and 2 were investigated under different conditions such as type of TiO2 (Anatase/Anatase-Rutile mixture), reaction pH, catalyst dosage and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration. The degradation rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. Titanium dioxide Degussa P25 was found to be more efficient as compared with other two commercially available TiO2 powders like Hombikat UV100 and PC500 from Millennium Inorganic Chemicals. GC-MS analysis of the irradiated mixture of pesticide compounds 1 and 2 indicate the formation of several intermediate products which have been characterized on the basis of molecular ion/mass fragmentation pattern and also on comparison with the NIST library. Plausible mechanism for the formation of different products involving the reaction of hydroxyl and super oxide radical anions with 1 and 2 has been proposed.

Titanium Dioxide-mediated Photocatalysed Mineralization of Two Selected Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Suspensions

Abstract Titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic mineralization of two selected organic pollutants such as Metalaxyl (ML) and Tinidazole (TN) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions in the presence of atmospheric oxygen under a variety of conditions. The mineralization was studied by monitoring the depletion in total organic carbon (TOC) content as a function of irradiation time. In addition HPLC analysis technique was also used to monitor the degradation of model compounds under investigations. The mineralization kinetics of both compounds were investigated under different conditions such as type of TiO2 (Anatase/Anatase-Rutile mixture), reaction pH, substrate concentration, catalyst dosage and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration. The mineralization rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. The mineralization of both the compounds was also investigated under sunlight and the degradation efficiency was compared with that of artificial light source. An attempt was also made to identify the intermediate products formed during the photooxidation of ML and TN using GC-MS analysis technique. Both compounds showed the formation of several byproducts. A probable pathway for the formation of different products has been proposed.

Water Contamination by Organic-Pollutants: TiO 2 Photocatalysis

Water sources are polluted continuously by a variety of organic compounds (PPCPs, Pesticides drugs, dyes). This contaminated water should be purified before using it. Among various techniques for the removal of these pollutants AOPs proved a promising technique in which redox reaction occurs that leads the formation of degraded products. Various nanomaterials have been used for this purpose. Titanium dioxide is used extensively. But, due to band large band gap energy it worked only in UV region that consume more energy. For making Titanium dioxide suitable in visible region, the doping of metal/non metal can be done. This chapter reveals mechanism of TiO2 as well the doped-TiO2 particle, changing of properties after doping and generation of new energy bands in the particles and also few combination of doped TiO2 in visible/UV region.