Kil Bo Shim

Organic Acid Extraction of Fluoride from Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba

The amount of fluoride removed from Antarctic krill via organic acid extraction depends on the extraction time, concentration, extraction volume, and the nature of the acid itself. The fluoride content in Euphausia superba was determined by measuring the concentration of fluoride ion in acidic extracts using an ion-selective electrode. The best results were obtained by adding 50 mL of 0.01 M citric acid to 0.3-0.5 g of krill and extracting for 5 min. Under these conditions, recoveries of fluoride from frozen whole krill and krill meat were 95.6-99.5% and 97.5-101.3%, respectively. The dry basis fluoride contents of krill by-product, krill meat and the boiled krill were 705, 298, and 575 ppm, respectively. These levels were significantly reduced by citric acid extraction.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Changseon area, Korea, and Assessment of Potential Risk to Human Health

From 2008 to 2013, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were collected from a major area of mussel production (Changseon area), which is a designated shellfish-cultivating area for export, located on the southern coast of Korea. The samples were analyzed for mercury (Hg) using a direct Hg analyzer and for other metals, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations and bioaccumulation of the heavy met- als were determined, and a potential risk assessment was conducted to evaluate their hazards towards human consumption. The concentration and bioaccumulation ratio of Cd were the highest of the three hazardous metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg). The concentrations of hazardous metals in all samples were within the limits set by Korea and other countries. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) was compared to the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The EDIs of all heavy metals tested for mussel samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.99% of the PTDI; the highest value was measured for As. The hazard index (HI) can be used to assess the risk of heavy metal consump- tion associated with contaminated food. The HI for all samples was far less than 1.0, which indicates that the mussels produced in the Changseon area do not represent an appreciable hazard to humans and are fit for consumption.

Quinone Reductase Induction Activity of Phlorotannins Derived from Eisenia bicyclis in Hepa1c1c7 Cells

To assess the feasibility of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis as cancer chemopreventative agents, we tested whether they induced quinone reductase (QR) in Hepa1c1c7 cells. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction obtained from E. bicyclis exhibited a QR induction activity in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Successive column chromatography of the active EtOAc fraction resulted in the isolation of four phlorotannins. Their structures were elucidated using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques and characterized as phloroglucinol (1), dioxinodehydroeckol (2), dieckol (3), and fucofuroeckol-A (4). Among these compounds, fucofuroeckol-A (4) showed moderate QR induction activity, and dioxinodehydroeckol (2) exhibited potent QR induction potency with 2.05 ± 0.04 fold induction at a concentration of 50 µM compared to the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent-treated control cells. However, phloroglucinol (1) and dieckol (3) exerted no detectable QR induction activity in Hepa1c1c7 cells. These results suggest that dioxinodehydroeckol could serve as a useful cancer chemopreventive chemical.

Evaluation of the Influence of Inland Pollution Sources on Shellfish Growing Areas after Rainfall Events in Geoje Bay, Korea

The influences of inland pollution sources because of rainfall events on the bacteriological water quality in Geoje Bay, a major shellfish production area in Korea, were investigated. The sanitary status of sea water and shellfish after rainfall events was also evaluated. The flow rates of 13 streams around Geoje Bay showed 6 to 7-fold increases after 15 to 21 mm of rainfall. Peak pollution was observed in the Naegan Stream, the Gandeok Stream and the Seojeong Stream. The calculated impact area of inland pollution sources was 3.1 ㎢ immediately after 15 mm of rainfall and expanded to 3.5 ㎢ after 24 hours. These calculations of impacted area matched results from fecal coliform analyses with sea water. The distance between the major pollution source in the bay (the Gandeok Stream) and the station with the worst bacteriological water quality immediately after 15 mm of rainfall, which was below the Korean standard, was 0.8 km in a straight line; this distance increased to 2.0 km after a period of 24 hours. The area impacted by inland pollution sources after a 15 mm rainfall event was wider than after a 21 mm rainfall. Although the flow rate from in-land pollution sources was higher, the concentration of fecal coliform in the discharged water was lower after higher rainfall events. These observations corresponded with the results of fecal coliform analyses with sea water samples. According to the evaluation of the influences of inland pollution sources and fecal coliform analyses on sea water and shellfish samples in Geoje Bay, pollutants from inland sources did not reach the boundary line of the shellfish growing area after rainfall events of 15 or 22 mm. The bacteriological water quality of the shellfish growing area in Geoje Bay met the Korean standard and US NSSP requirements for approved shellfish growing areas.Key words: Geoje Bay, Oyster, Fecal coliform, Shellfish growing area, Inland pollution source

Relationship of pH, Glycogen, Soluble Protein, and Turbidity between Freshness of Raw Oyster Crassostrea gigas

We examined chemical changes in oysters Crassostrea gigas and packing water that were sold after storage at 5, 10, and 20°C. The pH of oysters stored at 5°C dropped to 5.81 after 10 days of storage, while that of oysters at 10°C and 20°C dropped to 5.37 after 8 days and to 5.04 after 4 days, respectively. The glycogen content of oysters stored at 5°C decreased from 718.89 to 421.85 mg/100g during storage, while that of oysters at 10°C decreased to 351.49 mg/100 g after 4 days. The turbidity and soluble protein in packing water increased slightly. The viable cell count of oysters did not exceed 6 log CFU/g after 10 days of storage at 5°C, but that of oysters at 10°C did so after 8 days. Additionally, the viable cell count of packing water was lower than that of oysters. We performed a principal component analysis, where the first principal component (55.03%-57.24%) and second principal component (42.76%-44.97%) described most variation. The first principal component included the pH of oysters and packing water, and the glycogen content of oysters. A Pearson correlation between the first two principal components had a higher R value than that between other components. Freshness was evaluated using the pH of oysters and packing water, and glycogen. We found that soluble protein content was significantly associated with a lower pH and glycogen content.

Impact of Pollution Sources on the Bacteriological Water Quality in the Yongnam-Gwangdo Shellfish Growing Area of Western Jinhae Bay, Korea

To evaluate the bacteriological water quality in Yongnam-Gwangdo, located in western Jinhae Bay, seawater samples were analyzed using sanitary indicator bacteria at 57 sampling stations. According to survey results from January 2007 to December 2009, the range of the geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile for coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were

Effects of Low Temperature and Starvation on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Muscle of the Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The effects of low temperature and starvation on the physiochemical characteristics of the muscle of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, were examined. Fish were deprived of feed for 28 days at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and in order to establish suitable conditions for live fish transportation. Throughout most of the 4 weeks of feed restriction, the physiochemical characteristics of the muscle of olive flounder were found to be dependent on the acclimation temperature. The breaking strength of muscle did not show a significant reduction during feed restriction at 2 and . With increasing temperatures, however, the breaking strength of muscle differed significantly according to the individual and feed restriction period (P increased steadily over the feed-restriction period, while the crude lipid content decreased during the same period (P, no significant differences were shown during the same period. After it reached 6, 8, 10, 12, and , the muscle had an accumulation of lactate, and a loss of ATP. There was no change in the lactate or ATP content during the feed restriction period at 2 and , although there were differences among the water temperature groups. These results clearly show that temperature can have an important influence on the of muscle of physiochemical characteristics of muscle during live fish transportation.

Biochemical Composition of Muscle from Tanaka's Eelpout Lycodes tanakae, Magistrate Armhook Squid Berryteuthis magister, and Ocean Sunfish Mola mola, Caught in the East Sea, Korea

Abstract The biochemical composition of muscle from three deep-sea animals, Tanaka’s eelpout Lycodes tanakae magistrate armhook squid Berryteuthis magister , and ocean sunfish Mola mola caught in the East sea in South Korea was determined. The moisture (81.4-93.8 g/100 g), crude protein (5.0-15.6 g/100 g), crude lipid (0.1-1.5 g/100 g), and ash (1.0-1.1 g/100 g) contents of the two fishes were analyzed. The proximate composition of magistrate armhook squid was: moisture 84.0 g/100 g, crude protein 12.4 g/100 g, crude lipid 0.7 g/100 g, and ash 1.5 g/100 g. There was little difference in the proximate compositions of the three animals. The total amino acid contents of Tanaka’s eelpout, magistrate armhook squid,and ocean sunfish were 14.64, 10.75, 3.10-9.95 g/100 g, respectively. High levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, and arginine were found, while low levels of histidine, glycine, and cysteine were detected in the animals. A survey of the free amino acid contents of the animals revealed large amounts of alanine and glycine. Significant differences were found in the fatty acid composition among the three species. Specially, differ-ent saturated fatty acids (17.14-40.49%) such as C16:0, and C18:0, monounsaturated fatty acids (19.19-46.88%) such as C16:1, and C18:1, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (35.41-57.08%) such as EPA, and DHA was identified. Our results suggest that each of these deep sea animals possesses nutritional value and should be considered as a foodstuff.

Defecation of Norovirus from the Oyster Crassostrea gigas by Depuration Following Translocation of the Growing Area

이매패류(이하 패류)는 분변-경구 감염 환을 통한 세균성 및 바이러스성 장관계 질환의 주요 전파 매개체로 간주되고 있다 (Butt et al., 2004). 이는 지역사회에서 장관계 질환이 유행하게 되면 해당 병원체가 하수 및 오수를 통하여 담수 및 기수 환경 으로 배출되게 되고(Da Silva et al., 2007; Iwai et al., 2009), 패 류는 여과섭식 작용을 통해 서식해역에 존재하는 미생물을 체 내에 농축하여 사람이 섭취하는 경우 재감염을 유발하기 때문 이다(Lees, 2000). 또한 전통적으로 패류를 생식하거나 살짝 익 혀먹는 식습관 때문에 오염된 패류에 의한 재감염의 위험성이 사라지지 않고 있다(Lees, 2000). 더욱이 70년대 이후 패류 냉 동가공품이 국제적으로 유통되면서 오염된 제품에 의한 감염 의 시공간적 범위가 확대되고 있다(Pinto et al., 2009; Polo et al., 2010). 이러한 패류에 의한 감염증 발생을 예방하고자 유럽 및 북미 대부분 국가와 남미 및 아시아 일부 국가에서는 엄격한 패류 위생 규정을 마련하였으며 유럽과 북미의 경우 그 역사가 백 여년에 이르고 있다(Lees, 2000). 동 규정에는 패류 생산해역 의 분변계 대장균 (fecal coliform) 농도 또는 패육 중의 대장균 (Escherichia coli) 농도를 기준으로 패류 생산해역의 등급을 구 분하고 그 등급에 따라 패류의 수확 전후 관리조건을 명시하고 있다(European Commission, 2004; US FDA, 2014). 그러나 이러한 노력에도 불구하고 패류 생식과 관련된 감염증이 지속 적으로 발생하고 있으며(Butt et al., 2004), 특히 노로바이러스 에 오염된 굴 섭취에 따른 장관계 질환이 세계적으로 유행하고 있다(Kroneman et al., 2008; Scallan et al., 2011). 오염된 활 패류 중 미생물의 농도를 저감화할 수 있는 방법 중 시설 내 정화 및 자연정화가 현재 상업적 이용되고 있는 대표적 인 것들이다(Lees, 2000; Dore et al., 2010). 시설 내 정화는 패 자연정화에 의한 양식굴(Crassostrea gigas) 중 노로바이러스 저감화 유홍식*·박용수·안세라·박큰바위·심길보·송기철·이태식

The Effects of Inland Pollution Sources around the Port of Jeokyang and Jangpo after Rainfall Events on Bacteriological Water Quality in the Changseon Area, Korea

The influences of inland pollution sources nearJeokyang and Jangpoports following rainfall events on the bacteriological water quality and safety of commercial shellfish were investigated in the Changseon area, Korea. Stream flow rates exhibited 1.9- to 5.7-fold increases after rainfall events and then fell to 68~81% of that level after 24 h. The calculated impact area of inland pollution sources was 0.47 in the Jeokyangport area and 0.27 in the Jangpoport area at 24 h following 11 mm of rainfall. When the flow rate of inland pollution increased, the level of male-specific bacteriophage (MSB) decreased, and no MSB could be detected in seawater samples, whereas 30 PFU/100 g was detected in shellfish samples. Fecal coliform levels in seawater and shellfish samples did not exceed their respective tolerance levels (4.5 MPN/100 mL) and 130 MPN/100 g, respectively and thus complied with the standard for approved shellfish growing area. The sanitary conditions of areas adjacent to Jeokyang and Jangpoports under conditions of rainfall below 29 mm met the criteria for approved growing area under the United States National Shellfish Sanitation Program and the EC Regulations.