Kim De Raedt

Between ‘true believers’ and operational experts: UNESCO architects and school building in post-colonial Africa

Following decolonisation in the late 1950s, Cold War competitiveness and economic globalisation prompted old and new foreign powers to invest in the development of Africa. By means of building and urban planning, they sought to transmit their specific models of modernisation to the continent. Architects from divergent contexts and backgrounds embraced this opportunity to transfer their expertise to Africa, in particular through development aid organisations. This paper will shed light on the expert(ise)s that were exported to, and generated within, Africa in the 1960s and 1970s through one particular international aid agency, namely UNESCO. The focus will be on the organisations activity in the field of school building, a crucial sector of development in Africa following the independence of former colonies across the continent. Through this agency, a transnational network of expert-architects with highly divergent backgrounds was generated. Taking UNESCO as a starting point, we identify a number of such globally operating architects who had a crucial impact on the design and construction of educational facilities, but remain unstudied to date. By an analysis of their work the paper reveals the design knowledge that was generated and the building expertise that circulated through UNESCO in Africa, while simultaneously untangling the complex networks and mechanisms behind this unique architecture production.Following decolonisation in the late 1950s, Cold War competitiveness and economic globalisation prompted old and new foreign powers to invest in the development of Africa. By means of building and urban planning, they sought to transmit their specific models of modernisation to the continent. Architects from divergent contexts and backgrounds embraced this opportunity to transfer their expertise to Africa, in particular through development aid organisations. This paper will shed light on the expert(ise)s that were exported to, and generated within, Africa in the 1960s and 1970s through one particular international aid agency, namely UNESCO. The focus will be on the organisations activity in the field of school building, a crucial sector of development in Africa following the independence of former colonies across the continent. Through this agency, a transnational network of expert-architects with highly divergent backgrounds was generated. Taking UNESCO as a starting point, we identify a number of such ...

Exchanging architecture and urban planning practices during the Cold War: between political ideology, architectural ambition, and economic opportunity

In 1985 the German architecture critic and historian Udo Kultermann composed one of the first surveys of architecture in postwar Eastern Europe. The second chapter of that groundbreaking collection deals in particular with architecture production in Poland in the 20th century. In the short introduction to that chapter, which discusses some of the avantgarde realizations, Kultermann cites Polish designers’ involvement in the conferences of the Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne, an association of architects and planners that was founded in 1928 and which assembled the world’s most prominent architects of that time to discuss and spread the principles of the Modern Movement. Furthermore, Kultermann mentions Polish architects’ employment at the office of the ‘grand master’ of modernism, Le Corbusier, and their appointment at American universities. The author thus conceptualizes the Polish architectural production of the interwar period as an offspring of the ‘International Style’. However, Kultermann also highlights the contributions of Polish designers to international competitions and commissions after the Second World War, organized not only in Dublin, Paris, and Madrid, but also in more ‘exotic’ places such as Iraq, the Congo, and Syria. The author even catalogs these projects in a subchapter entitled “Polnische Architekten im Ausland” (1985, pages119–120), emphasizing that Poland became an active player on the international architecture and urban planning scene after 1945. Although it is remarkable that Kultermann includes these projects in a discussion of Polish architecture as early as 1985, he does not elaborate on any of these realizations in countries beyond Europe, let alone their raison d’être. Twenty-five years later, Łukasz Stanek finally addresses the work of Polish architects in the so-called ‘Third World’(1) through the research, education, and exhibition project South of East–West, initiated in 2009. Through interviews and various kinds of archival research including historic documents, drawings, and photographs, Stanek maps the transfers of building and planning expertise between the ‘Second World’ and the Third World. Design became an increasingly global profession after the Second World War, with architecture and urban planning practices traveling extensively between the Northern and Southern hemispheres through development aid, imperialism, capitalism, geopolitical alliances, and other routes.