Kimberly Bott

Physical properties of the planetary systems WASP-45 and WASP-46 from simultaneous multiband photometry

Accurate measurements of the physical characteristics of a large number of exoplanets are useful to strongly constrain theoretical models of planet formation and evolution, which lead to the large variety of exoplanets and planetary-system configurations that have been observed. We present a study of the planetary systems WASP-45 and WASP-46, both composed of a main-sequence star and a close-in hot Jupiter, based on 29 new high-quality light curves of transits events. In particular, one transit of WASP-45 b and four of WASP-46 b were simultaneously observed in four optical filters, while one transit of WASP-46 b was observed with the NTT obtaining a precision of 0.30 mmag with a cadence of roughly 3 min. We also obtained five new spectra of WASP-45 with the FEROS spectrograph. We improved by a factor of 4 the measurement of the radius of the planet WASP-45 b, and found that WASP-46 b is slightly less massive and smaller than previously reported. Both planets now have a more accurate measurement of the density (0.959 +/- 0.077 rho Jup instead of 0.64 +/- 0.30 rho Jup for WASP-45 b, and 1.103 +/- 0.052 rho Jup instead of 0.94 +/- 0.11 rho Jup for WASP-46 b). We tentatively detected radius variations with wavelength for both planets, in particular in the case of WASP-45 b we found a slightly larger absorption in the redder bands than in the bluer ones. No hints for the presence of an additional planetary companion in the two systems were found either from the photometric or radial velocity measurements.

Polarization due to rotational distortion in the bright star Regulus

Polarization in stars was first predicted by Chandrasekhar1, who calculated a substantial linear polarization at the stellar limb for a pure electron-scattering atmosphere. This polarization will average to zero when integrated over a spherical star but could be detected if the symmetry was broken, for example, by the eclipse of a binary companion. Nearly 50 years ago, Harrington and Collins2 modelled another way of breaking the symmetry and producing net polarization—the distortion of a rapidly rotating hot star. Here we report the first detection of this effect. Observations of the linear polarization of Regulus, with two different high-precision polarimeters, range from +42 ppm at a wavelength of 741 nm to –22 ppm at 395 nm. The reversal from red to blue is a distinctive feature of rotation-induced polarization. Using a new set of models for the polarization of rapidly rotating stars, we find that Regulus is rotating at

Polarized radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres and the polarization of exoplanets

96.{5}_{-0.8}^{+0.6} \%

A high-sensitivity polarimeter using a ferro-electric liquid crystal modulator

96.5-0.8+0.6% of its critical angular velocity for break-up, and has an inclination greater than 76.5°. The rotation axis of the star is at a position angle of 79.5 ± 0.7°. The conclusions are independent of, but in good agreement with, the results of previously published interferometric observations of Regulus3. The accurate measurement of rotation in early-type stars is important for understanding their stellar environments4 and the course of their evolution5.The polarization resulting from electron scattering in a stellar atmosphere has been detected towards the rapidly spinning star Regulus. Deformation of the star from spherical allows this effect to be seen, fulfilling a prediction from around 50 years ago.

The polarization of HD 189733

We present linear polarization measurements of nearby FGK dwarfs to parts-per-million (ppm) precision. Before making any allowance for interstellar polarization, we found that the active stars within the sample have a mean polarization of 28.5 ± 2.2 ppm, while the inactive stars have a mean of 9.6 ± 1.5 ppm. Amongst inactive stars, we initially found no difference between debris disc host stars (9.1 ± 2.5 ppm) and the other FGK dwarfs (9.9 ± 1.9 ppm). We develop a model for the magnitude and direction of interstellar polarization for nearby stars. When we correct the observations for the estimated interstellar polarization, we obtain 23.0 ± 2.2 ppm for the active stars, 7.8 ± 2.9 ppm for the inactive debris disc host stars and 2.9 ± 1.9 ppm for the other inactive stars. The data indicate that whilst some debris disc host stars are intrinsically polarized most inactive FGK dwarfs have negligible intrinsic polarization, but that active dwarfs have intrinsic polarization at levels ranging up to ∼45 ppm. We briefly consider a number of mechanisms, and suggest that differential saturation of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic fields is best able to explain the polarization seen in active dwarfs. The results have implications for current attempts to detect polarized reflected light from hot Jupiters by looking at the combined light of the star and planet.

Polarization measurements of hot dust stars and the local interstellar medium

We describe the incorporation of polarized radiative transfer into the atmospheric radiative transfer modelling code VSTAR (Versatile Software for Transfer of Atmospheric Radiation). Using a vector discrete-ordinate radiative transfer code we are able to generate maps of radiance and polarization across the disc of a planet, and integrate over these to get the full-disc polarization. In this way we are able to obtain disc-resolved, phase-resolved and spectrally-resolved intensity and polarization for any of the wide range of atmopsheres that can be modelled with VSTAR. We have tested the code by reproducing a standard benchmark problem, as well as by comparing with classic calculations of the polarization phase curves of Venus. We apply the code to modelling the polarization phase curves of the hot Jupiter system HD 189733b. We find that the highest polarization amplitudes are produced with optically thick Rayleigh scattering clouds and these would result in a polarization amplitude of 27 ppm for the planetary signal seen in the combined light of the star and planet. A more realistic cloud model consistent with the observed transmission spectrum results is an amplitude of ~20 ppm. Decreasing the optical depth of the cloud, or making the cloud particles more absorbing, both have the effect of increasing the polarization of the reflected light but reducing the amount of reflected light and hence the observed polarization amplitude.

An optical transmission spectrum of the giant planet WASP-36 b

Past analysis of HD 189733bs atmosphere has been a cause for some debate, with conflicting findings regarding water and sodium abundances and the presence of a high altitude haze. We present our models of HD 189733bs atmospheric composition using VSTAR (Versatile Software for Transfer of Atmospheric Radiation). Since the effective temperature of the planet is expected to be approximately 5000K, newly available high-temperature spectral line lists were used.