Kinjal Banerjee

Impact of Coronary Artery Disease on 30‐Day and 1‐Year Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Meta‐Analysis

Background The impact of coronary artery disease (CAD) on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is understudied. Literature on the prognostic role of CAD in the survival of patients undergoing TAVR shows conflicting results. This meta‐analysis aims to investigate how CAD impacts patient survival following TAVR. Methods and Results We completed a comprehensive literature search of Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library, and included studies reporting outcome of TAVR based on CAD status of patients for the analysis. From the initial 1631 citations, 15 studies reporting on 8013 patients were analyzed using a random‐effects model. Of the 8013 patients undergoing TAVR, with a median age of 81.3 years (79–85.1 years), 46.6% (40–55.7) were men and 3899 (48.7%) had CAD (ranging from 30.8% to 78.2% in various studies). Overall, 3121 SAPIEN/SAPIEN XT/SAPIEN 3 (39.6%) and 4763 CoreValve (60.4%) prostheses were implanted, with transfemoral access being the most frequently used approach for the implantation (76.1%). Our analysis showed no significant difference between patients with and without CAD for all‐cause mortality at 30 days post TAVR, with a cumulative odds ratio of 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.40; P=0.62). However, there was a significant increase in all‐cause mortality at 1 year in the CAD group compared with patients without CAD, with a cumulative odds ratio of 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.36; P=0.002). Conclusions Even though coexisting CAD does not impact 30‐day mortality, it does have an impact on 1‐year mortality in patients undergoing TAVR. Our results highlight a need to revisit the revascularization strategies for concomitant CAD in patients with TAVR.

Role of Ranolazine in cardiovascular disease and diabetes: Exploring beyond angina

Ranolazine was FDA approved for chronic angina in 2006. Since then, there has been extensive research involving this drug. The mechanism of action, debatable at the time of approval, has been demonstrated. Ranolazine acts via inhibition of late sodium channel current in the myocardium. This acts by lowering abnormally high cytosolic calcium levels. Other possible clinical applications of Ranolazine have also been explored. Out of many lines of investigation, its effects in atrial fibrillation, especially post-CABG and recurrent atrial fibrillation show promise. It has also shown definite HbA1c lowering effects when used in diabetics with coronary artery disease. Other possible indications for the drug include pulmonary arterial hypertension, diastolic dysfunction and chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. This review aims to summarize major research regarding Ranolazine in potential applications beyond chronic angina. There are few dedicated large, randomized, phase III trials exploring the newer effects of Ranolazine. There are a few such trials underway, but more are needed.

RVX 208: A novel BET protein inhibitor, role as an inducer of apo A‐I/HDL and beyond

Low-density cholesterol (LDL) has been the prime target of currently available lipid-lowering therapies although current research is expanding the focus beyond LDL lowering and has included high-density cholesterol (HDL) also as the target. Bromo and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are implicated in the regulation of transcription of several regulatory genes and regulation of proinflammatory pathways. As atherosclerosis is an inflammatory pathway and studies showed that BET inhibition has a role in inhibiting inflammation, the concept of BET inhibition came in the field of atherosclerosis. RVX 208 is a novel, orally active, BET protein inhibitor and the only BET inhibitor currently available in the field of atherosclerosis. RVX 208 acts primarily by increasing apo A-I (apolipoprotein A-I) and HDL levels. RVX 208 has a novel action of increasing larger, more cardio-protective HDL particles. Post hoc analysis of Phase II trials also showed that RVX 208 reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in treated patients, over and above that of apo A-I/HDL increasing action. This MACE reducing actions of RVX 208 were largely due to its novel anti-inflammatory actions. Currently, a phase III trial, BETonMACE, is recruiting patients to look for the effects of RVX 208 in patients with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. So BET inhibitors act in multiple ways to inhibit and modulate atherosclerosis and would be an emerging and potential option in the management of multifactorial disease like coronary artery disease by inhibiting a single substrate. But we need long-term phase III trial datas to look for effects on real-world patients.

Outcomes for Percutaneous Mitral Valve-in-Valves and Mitral Valve-in-Rings in the Transapical and Transseptal Access Routes: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis

ABSTRACT Background: The transapical (TA) route for mitral valve-in-valve (MVIV) and mitral valve-in-ring (MVIR) techniques has been predominantly used. Currently, there is an increasing trend towards the transseptal (TS) route. The purpose of the study was to assess the outcomes of TA and TS access for percutaneous MVIV and MVIR techniques in terms of procedural success, 30-day mortality, major bleeding events and valve embolization. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane CENTRAL was completed. We identified and pooled all studies reporting either the TS or TA approach for MVIV or MVIR with at least five patients using weighted proportional analysis. For analysis we used studies reporting the outcomes of percutaneous MVIV or MVIR based on the TS/TA approach. Results: From the initial 1,993 abstracts, 15 studies reporting on 236 patients were analyzed to find the pooled estimate of the endpoints. In the TA arm, 11 studies were included, and in the TS arm, 8 studies were included. Of these, 5 studies reported data for both the TA and TS arms. There was no difference between the groups in terms of technical success, 30-day all-cause mortality, major bleeding events, and valve embolization. Conclusion: Although the TA approach has been used in most of the published studies, the TS approach appears to be equally effective at 30 days. Long-term studies are needed to establish the relative efficacy of one approach over the other.

Comparison of single versus dual antiplatelet therapy after TAVR: A systematic review and meta-analysis

We aim to evaluate the efficacy of dual versus single anti‐platelet therapy (SAPT) after TAVR through a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published research.

Fractional flow reserve guided percutaneous coronary intervention results in reduced ischemic myocardium and improved outcomes

To determine if fractional flow reserve guided percutaneous coronary intervention (FFR‐guided PCI) is associated with reduced ischemic myocardium compared with angiography‐guided PCI.

Meta-analysis of the Impact of Avoiding Balloon Predilation in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Balloon predilation (BPD) has been an integral part of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) since inception. We sought to investigate the effect of avoiding BPD on outcomes of TAVI across different valve types. Articles were included if outcomes of TAVI without BPD were reported. Pooled meta-analysis used a random effects model and reported odds ratios (ORs). Twenty-one studies with 10,752 patients were pooled for analysis. Age and gender were well matched between NoBPD and BPD groups. There was no difference in mortality, stroke, bleeding, and acute kidney injury. NoBPD showed lower pacemaker rates (OR 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 to 0.97), vascular complications (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.95), and early safety at 30 days (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.99). For balloon-expandable valves, lower rates of aortic regurgitation (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.99) and early safety (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.85) were seen. Self-expanding valves showed lower pacemaker (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.97) and vascular complications (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.99), with a trend toward higher postdilation (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.67). TAVI without BPD is safe and effective. NoBPD is associated with fewer vascular complications, less aortic regurgitation, and fewer pacemaker requirements and composite early safety end points.

An alarming trend: Change in the risk profile of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction over the last two decades

BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality around the world. We sought to study changes in the risk profile of patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS We retrospectively studied all patients presenting with STEMI to our center between 1995 and 2014. Patients were divided into four quartiles, 5years each. Baseline risk factors and comorbidities were recorded. Sub-analysis was done for patients with established CAD and their household incomes. RESULTS A total of 3913 patients (67.9% males) were included; 42.5% presented with anterior STEMI and 57.5% inferior STEMI. Ages were 64±12, 62±13, 61±13 and 60±13 in the four quartiles respectively. Obesity prevalence was 31, 37, 38 and 40% and diabetes mellitus prevalence was 24, 25, 24 and 31%, while hypertension was 55, 67, 70 and 77%, respectively, p<0.01 for all. Smoking prevalence was 28, 32, 42 and 46, p<0.01. When subgroup analysis was done for patients with history of CAD, prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension significantly increased across the four quartiles. When patients were divided to four groups based on household income (poor, low middle, middle and high income), prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, smoking and obesity were significantly higher in patients with low income. CONCLUSION Despite better understanding of cardiovascular risk factors and more focus on preventive cardiology, patients presenting with STEMI over the past 20years are getting younger and more obese, with more prevalence of smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This trend is greater in the lower income population.

Meta-Analysis of Usefulness of Anticoagulation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Since the advent of bioprosthetic valves, the implications of long-term anticoagulation after valve replacement are unclear. There are very little data on outcomes of long-term anticoagulation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of literature regarding anticoagulation after TAVI. The existing literature on anticoagulation after bioprosthetic valve replacement was thoroughly reviewed, including the most recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 guidelines for management of valvular disease, which is based on sparse, nonrandomized retrospective data. A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases was conducted to retrieve articles reporting outcomes on anticoagulation after TAVI, and 5 articles were retrieved. Pooled analysis revealed lower bleeding rates in the anticoagulated group (22% vs 35%, p = 0.006). Stroke and mortality were inconsistently reported by the studies. The data regarding outcomes of patients on anticoagulation after TAVI are sparse. Systematic collection of anticoagulation data in the existing registries and future trials should be strongly considered in patients undergoing TAVI.

Comparative analysis of cerebrovascular events in transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials

AIMS Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the procedure of choice for inoperable patients and a safe alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) among moderate-risk patients. We used meta-analysis to compare the incidence of cerebrovascular events amongst patients undergoing TAVR and SAVR in randomised controlled trials (RCT). METHODS AND RESULTS Our search revealed five RCT published between 2011 and 2017 with a total of 5,414 patients. Data were summarised as Mantel-Haenszel relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The risk of major stroke (RR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.53-1.51), all strokes (RR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.59-1.22) and all cerebrovascular events (RR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.75-1.17) was comparable between patients undergoing TAVR and SAVR at 30 days of follow-up. The risk of all strokes (RR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.69-1.22), major stroke (RR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.62-1.37) and all cerebrovascular events (RR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.79-1.33) was comparable between TAVR and SAVR at one year of follow-up. The incidence of major stroke (RR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.64-1.61), all strokes (RR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.78-1.62) and all cerebrovascular events (RR 1.23, 95% CI: 0.91-1.66) was comparable between TAVR and SAVR between 30 days and one year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In our meta-analysis of RCT comparing TAVR and SAVR, we showed comparable risk of major stroke, all stroke and all cerebrovascular events.