Kirtikumar D Modi

Ileal Interposition with Sleeve Gastrectomy for Control of Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery offers the best solution in management of obesity and related metabolic ailments, paving the way for a concept termed metabolic surgery. We report the results of a novel surgical procedure on glycemic control and metabolic syndrome in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. METHODS Ten patients (four men, six women) underwent laparoscopic surgical procedure of sleeve gastrectomy and ileal interposition. All patients had diabetes for more than 3 years with poor control despite use of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) and/or insulin. The primary outcome was remission of diabetes (hemoglobin A1c <7% without OHAs/insulin), and secondary outcomes were change in OHA requirement, components of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and microalbuminuria. RESULTS We report the preliminary postoperative follow-up data of 9.1 +/- 5.3 months (range, 2-16 months). Participants had a mean age of 48.2 +/- 9 years (range, 34-62 years), duration of diabetes of 11 +/- 5.7 years (range, 4-25 years), and preoperative body mass index of 33.8 +/- 6.5 kg/m(2). Seven patients had diabetes remission, and the remaining three showed significantly decreased OHA requirement. All participants had weight loss ranging between 15% and 30% and had remission of hypertension. Microalbuminuria (96.8 +/- 19.1 vs. 46.7 +/- 10.1 mg/L, P = 0.03568) and insulin resistance as assessed by homeostasis assessment model of insulin resistance (5.2 +/- 2.1 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.9, P = 0.0005) decreased significantly after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary observations demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this novel surgical procedure in type 2 diabetes. Further long-term data from more patients are necessary to confirm these findings.

Aberrant angiogenesis: The gateway to diabetic complications

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic cum vascular syndrome with resultant abnormalities in both micro- and macrovasculature. The adverse long-term effects of diabetes mellitus have been described to involve many organ systems. Apart from hyperglycemia, abnormalities of angiogenesis may cause or contribute toward many of the clinical manifestations of diabetes. These are implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities of the retina, kidneys, and fetus, impaired wound healing, increased risk of rejection of transplanted organs, and impaired formation of coronary collaterals. A perplexing feature of the aberrant angiogenesis is that excessive and insufficient angiogenesis can occur in different organs in the same individual. The current article hereby reviews the molecular mechanisms including abnormalities in growth factors, cytokines, and metabolic derangements, clinical implications, and therapeutic options of dealing with abnormal angiogenesis in diabetes.

Role of thyroid Doppler in differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of thyroid blood flow assessment by color-flow Doppler ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. METHODS Consecutive patients with thyrotoxicosis presenting to our center between June 2007 and March 2008 were included in the study. Clinical data were collected, and thyroid function tests including measurements of thyrotropin, total thyroxine, and total triiodothyronine were performed. Thyroid glands of all patients were evaluated with color-flow Doppler ultrasonography for size, vascularity, and peak systolic velocity of the inferior thyroid artery. Technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate scan was done when the diagnosis was not clear on the basis of clinical findings. Patients were divided into 2 groups for analysis: patients with destructive thyrotoxicosis and patients with Graves disease. Paired t tests and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 65 patients participated in the study; 31 had destructive thyrotoxicosis and 34 had Graves disease. Thyroid blood flow, as assessed by peak systolic velocity of the inferior thyroid artery, was significantly higher in patients with Graves disease than in patients with destructive thyroiditis (57.6 +/- 13.1 cm/s vs 22.4 +/- 5.4 cm/s; P<.05). All patients with destructive thyroiditis had low peak systolic velocity of the inferior thyroid artery, and 32 of 34 patients with Graves disease had high peak systolic velocity. Color-flow Doppler ultrasonography parameters correlated significantly with pertechnetate scan results, demonstrating a comparable sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 95%. CONCLUSIONS Differentiating Graves thyrotoxicosis from destructive thyrotoxicosis is essential for proper selection of therapy. Assessment of thyroid blood flow by color-flow Doppler ultrasonography is useful in this differentiation.

Implications of serum paraoxonase activity in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia

Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme with esterase activity, and is physically bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL). It plays a key role in the action of HDL toward protection of lipoprotein and biological membrane against oxidative damage. It may have a protective role against atherosclerosis by virtue of its action on hydrolyzing lipid peroxides and preventing accumulation of phospholipids in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). PON1 is hypothesized to be an indicator of the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease development. Numerous studies have implicated PON1 activity in relation to various endocrine disorders. The current article reviews the clinical perspectives of PON1 activity with regards to obesity, diabetes mellitus with its complications, and dyslipidemia.

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced recurrent acute pancreatitis: A case-based review.

Hypertriglyceridemia is a rare, but well-known cause of acute pancreatitis. A serum triglyceride level of more than 1000 to 2000 mg / dl is the identifiable risk factor. It typically presents as an episode of acute pancreatitis or recurrent acute pancreatitis. The clinical course and routine management of Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis is similar to other causes. A thorough family history is important, as is the identification of secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia. The mainstay of therapy includes dietary restriction of fatty meal and fibric acid derivatives. We hereby report the case of a 37-year-old lady with a family history of dyslipidemia presenting with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. We also review the literature for pathogenesis and management of hyperlipidemia.

Endocrinology of parturition.

The myometrium must remain relatively quiescent during pregnancy to accommodate growth and development of the feto-placental unit, and then must transform into a highly coordinated, strongly contracting organ at the time of labour for successful expulsion of the new born. The control of timing of labour is complex involving interactions between mother, fetus and the placenta. The timely onset of labour and delivery is an important determinant of perinatal outcome. Both preterm birth (delivery before 37 week of gestation) and post term pregnancy (pregnancy continuing beyond 42 weeks) are both associated with a significant increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. There are multiple paracrine/autocrine events, fetal hormonal changes and overlapping maternal/fetal control mechanisms for the triggering of parturition in women. Our current article reviews the mechanisms for uterine distension and reduced contractions during pregnancy and the parturition cascade responsible for the timely and spontaneous onset of labour at term. It also discusses the mechanisms of preterm labour and post term pregnancy and the clinical implications thereof.

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: A case-based review of literature.

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is a rare chronic and granulomatous skin disorder that affects 0.3% of diabetic patients. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of NLD is still controversial, it is thought that microangiopathy has an important role. The legs are the most common site for NLD, but involvement of other areas such as the abdomen, upper extremities and scalp has been reported. There is no rational therapy. However, benefit has been reported from different treatment regimens such as drugs acting on the hemostatic mechanisms, corticosteroid therapy (topical, intralesional and systemic), enhancers of wound healing, surgery and immunomodulating therapies (including photochemotherapy). We report a 59-year-old female, who was a diabetic patient with multiple, disseminated lesions on the legs, which tended to disappear as the glycemic control was achieved. Hereby, we also review the existing literature for the evolving aspects of etiopathogenesis and treatment.

Effect of Diabetes on Alteration of Metabolism in Cardiac Myocytes: Therapeutic Implications

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a distinct entity in humans. It leads to ventricular dysfunction independent of and additive to coronary artery disease and hypertension. Clinical and experimental studies have pointed to the role of metabolic derangements in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Altered insulin signaling in diabetes leads to decreased myocyte glucose uptake and utilization, associated with an increased concentration of free fatty acids. This results in decreased glucose oxidation and increased fatty acid oxidation. Fatty acids increase mitochondrial oxygen consumption for ATP production and stimulate the uncoupling proteins in mitochondria. These proteins decrease the mitochondrial protein gradient, leading to fall in ATP production. The resultant defect in myocardial energy production impairs myocyte contraction and diastolic function. This is the hallmark of diabetic cardiomyopathy at earlier stages. In later stages diabetes impairs the myocyte ischemic defense mechanism, leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Other factors contributing toward causation of diabetic cardiomyopathy are collagen accumulation leading to reduced myocardial compliance, accumulation of advanced glycation end product-modified extracellular matrix proteins with subsequent inelasticity of vessel walls and myocytes, abnormal myocardial calcium handling leading to altered mechanics, endothelial dysfunction, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, and impairment of ischemic preconditioning. Trimetazidine acts a metabolic switch, favoring glucose over free fatty acids as the substrate for metabolism in cardiac myocytes.

Laparoscopic ileal interposition with diverted sleeve gastrectomy for treatment of type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the results of laparoscopic ileal interposition (II) with diverted sleeve gastrectomy (DSG) for control of T2DM and related metabolic abnormalities. METHODS All patients underwent II +DSG. They had T2DM≥5 years with poor glycemic control despite adequate dosage of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) and/or insulin. The primary outcome was remission of diabetes (HbA1C<6.5% without OHAs/insulin), and secondary outcomes were reduction in antidiabetic agent requirement and components of metabolic syndrome. RESULTS We report the preliminary postoperative follow-up data of 9.1±5.3 months (range: 3-21 months). There were 17 patients (male:female=12:5) with mean age of 50.7±8.1 (range, 34-66 years), duration of diabetes of 15.1±5.8 years (range, 5-30 years), and preoperative body mass index of 29.2±7.5 kg/m(2)(range, 22.4-37.5 kg/m(2)). Eight patients (45%) had hypertension, while dyslipidemia and microalbuminuria was present in 7 patients (39%) each. Twelve patients (70.5%) had diabetes remission. Seven/eight (87.5%) patients had remission in hypertension. All participants had weight loss ranging between 15% and 30%. Postoperatively statistically significant decline was observed in the glycemic and lipid parameters, microalbuminuria at all intervals (p<0.05). Two patients had vitamin B12 deficiency 1 year after surgery. CONCLUSION Ileal interposition combined with DSG addresses both foregut and hindgut theories and brings about remissions in T2DM patients with reasonable safety. Our preliminary observations demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of this novel surgical procedure as a promising option in T2DM.

Prediction of remission after metabolic surgery using a novel scoring system in type 2 diabetes - a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundRemission of diabetes is seen in more than 60% of patients after bariatric surgery. There is extensive variability in the remission rates between different surgical procedures. We analyzed our database and aimed to develop an easy scoring system to predict the probability of diabetes remission after two surgical procedures i.e. Ileal Interposition coupled with Sleeve Gastrectomy (IISG) or Diverted Sleeve Gastrectomy (IIDSG).MethodsIn this retrospective study, we analyzed records pertaining to patients who underwent IISG (n = 46) and IIDSG (n = 29). The primary outcome measure was diabetes remission (A1c <6.5% and not requiring hypoglycemic drugs). We identified seven preoperative clinical variables (age, duration of diabetes, body mass index, micro and macrovascular complications, use of insulin and stimulated C-peptide) based on our previous reports to be included in the diabetes remission score (DRS). The DRS score (7 – 14) was compared between the patients with and without remission in both the surgery groups.ResultsMean DRS in patients who underwent IISG was 9.2 ± 1.4. Twenty one (46%) had a remission in diabetes. DRS was significantly lower in patients with remission than patients without remission (8.1 ± 0.8 versus 10.2 ± 0.9, p < 0.0001). Mean DRS in patients who underwent IIDSG was 10.4 ± 1.3. Twenty one (72%) had a remission in diabetes. DRS was significantly lower in patients with remission than patients without remission (9.7 ± 0.8 versus 12.0 ± 0.5, p < 0.0001). Patients with a DRS ≥ 10 in IISG group and more than 12 in IIDSG group did not get into remission.ConclusionPreoperative DRS can be a useful tool to select the type of surgical procedure and to predict the postoperative diabetes remission.Trial registrationNCT00834626.