Kishalay Jana

Dose-dependent response to an intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for induction of chemosterilization in adult albino rats

This study concerned the minimum and optimum effective doses of calcium chloride needed for induction of chemosterilization in male albino rats, 30 days after a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) solution at 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg per 100 g body weight per testis. There was a significant diminution in the relative wet weight of the sex organs (p<0.01), epididymal sperm count (p<0.001), plasma concentration of testosterone (p<0.01), testicular activities of D,3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (D,3β-HSD), 17β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) (p<0.01), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<0.01), and peroxidase (p<0.01), significant elevations in testicular content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (p<0.01), along with derangement of seminiferous tubular architecture and degeneration of the Leydig cells in the testis and elevations in the concentrations in the plasma of LH and FSH (p<0.01), commencing at a dose of 5 mg, with the greatest effects at a dose of 20 mg. No significant alterations in these factors occurred at the dose of 2.5 mg in comparison to the control that received only the vehicle. There was no significant alteration in the plasma concentrations of prolactin (p>0.05), corticosterone (p>0.05) or fasting blood glucose or in the rectal temperature (p>0.05) at any of the doses relative to the control group, suggesting that this chemosterilizing procedure did not exert any chronic stress on the experimental animals. From these observations, it may be suggested that 5 mg should be considered as the minimum dose, and 10 mg or 20 mg as the optimum dose, whereas 2.5 mg was ineffective for induction of chemosterilization. There would seem to be little point in using more than 20 mg of calcium chloride for this purpose. Intratesticular injection of calcium chloride at an effective dose may be considered as an alternative to surgical castration.

Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of the hydro-methanolic extract of the seeds of Caesalpinia bonduc on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male albino rats.

Background: No satisfactory effective treatment is available yet to cure diabetes mellitus. Though, synthetic drugs are used but there are several drawbacks. The attributed antihyperglycemic effects of many traditional plants are due to their ability for the management of diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A hydromethanolic extract was administered orally at a dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight per day for 21 days. Its effects on the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, activities of key carbohydrate metabolic enzymes like hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase along with the effect on the lipid peroxidation level in hepatic tissues were measured. Glycogen levels were also assessed in hepatic and skeletal muscles and some toxicity parameters, such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and alkaline phosphates activities were measured. Results: Treatment of the hydromethanolic extract of the seeds of Caesalpinia bonduc resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) recovery in the activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes along with correction in FBG and glycogen levels as compared with the untreated diabetic group. The extract also resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) recovery in the activities of toxicity assessment enzyme parameters. Activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase along with the lipid peroxidation levels were also recovered significantly (P < 0.05) after the treatment of the extract. The corrective effects produced by the extract were compared with the standard antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide. Conclusion: Our findings provide that the extract shows possible antihyperglycemic and antioxidative activities.

Inhibitory effect of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Holarrhena antidysenterica on alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial blood glucose level in normoglycemic rat

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The present experiment was conducted to search out the effect of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Holarrhena antidysenterica on intestinal α-glucosidase activity in dose dependent manner and on the management of postprandial hyperglycemia in starch loaded rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Activity of intestinal α-glucosidase was measured by in vitro method. Fasting blood glucose level was determined by single touch glucometer. Total phenol and flavonoids of seed extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica were estimated using gallic acid and quercetin standard curves, respectively. RESULTS The degree of elevation in blood glucose level after starch administration was significantly (p<0.05) less by the extract in respect to the control. The said extract also inhibited α-glucosidase activity having an IC(50) of 0.52mg/ml. Phytochemical study revealed that the extract is rich in phenolic compounds (60.23mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract) and flavonoids (360.23mg of quercetin equivalent/g of the extract). CONCLUSION The extract exerts its antihyperglycemic effect by retarding the carbohydrate absorption from intestine through the inhibition in α-glucosidase activity and therefore resists postprandial hyperglycemia.

Protective effect of aqueous extract of seed of Psoralea corylifolia (Somraji) and seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Methi) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat: A comparative evaluation

Background: Psoralea corylifolia (Somraji) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Methi), important medicinal plants widely used in India as folk medicine. Local people of West Bengal traditionally used the seeds of these plants to cure diabetes. Objective: Present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of aqueous extract of seeds of these plants in separate or in composite manner in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced by intramuscular injection of STZ at the dose of 40 mg/ml of citrate buffer/kg body weight. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glyclated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase of liver in experimental animals were assessed. Hyperlipidemic state developed in the experimental diabetic rat was assessed by measuring the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoproteins in serum. Results: There was significant increased in the levels of FBG, HbA1C and lipid profiles along with diminution (P < 0.001) in the activities of hepatic hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and elevation in glucose-6-phosphatase in diabetic control animals in respect to the untreated control. Significant recovery (P < 0.05) in the activities of above mentioned enzymes along with the correction in the levels of FBG, HbA1C and serum lipid profiles were noted towards the control level after the treatment of composite extract (i.e. 100 mg of Somraji: 100 mg of Methi, total 200 mg/kg body weight) than the individual extract (i.e. 200 mg of Somraji or 200 mg of Methi, per kg body weight) treatment. Conclusion: Results suggest that composite extract of above plant parts has more potent antidiabetic efficacy than the individual extract.

Corrective role of Eugenia jambolana on testicular impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat: an approach through genomic and proteomic study.

The present study was conducted to explore the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of hydro‐methanolic (40 : 60) extract of seed of Eugenia jambolana on testicular impairment in diabetic rats. In this respect, biomarkers of oxidative stress, genomics and proteomics in testicular tissue were assessed. Side by side, glycated haemoglobin, serum testosterone, activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in serum, epididymal sperm count including reproductive organosomatic indices were evaluated. Results indicate that a significant recovery (P < 0.05) in the levels of these parameters in fraction‐treated diabetic group in comparison with diabetic control. A significant recovery was noted (P < 0.05) in the expression of Bax and Bcl‐2 gene towards the control after the treatment of said fraction. Histological study also focused a significant recovery (P < 0.05) in the number of different generation of germ cells at stage VII of spermatogenesis in fraction‐treated diabetic group. The said fraction treatment to diabetic rat can recover the activities of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase significantly towards the control (P < 0.05). Finally, it may be concluded that ethyl acetate fraction of seed of E. jambolana has a promiseable remedial effect on diabetes‐induced testicular dysfunctions in male rat without inducing any metabolic toxicity.

Ameliorating effect of mother tincture of Syzygium jambolanum on carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disorders in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat: Homeopathic remedy

Background: Syzygium jambolanum (S jambolanum) is widely used in homeopathy for treating patients with diabetes mellitus. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the remedial effect of homeopathic drug S jambolanum on carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disorders on streptozotocin induced diabetic rat. Materials and Methods: Diabetes induction in Wistar strain rat was performed as per standard method using streptozotocin at the dose of 4 mg/100 gm body weight. Activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in hepatic tissue, and glycogen content in hepatic and muscular tissues were assessed biochemically following the standard protocols. Serum lipid profile level and activities of GOT and GPT in serum were measured as per standard method using specific kits. Results: The homeopathic drug, mother tincture of S jambolanum significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels and improved carbohydrate metabolic key enzyme activities in hepatic tissue i.e., hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase in diabetic rats. Alongside, serum lipid profile biomarkers i.e., triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) levels were significantly ameliorated in homeopathic drug supplemented diabetic animals in compared with the untreated diabetic animal. Side by side, the S jambolanum has the capacity to attenuate diabetes induced hepatic injury in model animal, which has been assessed here by the recovery of GOT and GPT activities in serum of drug treated diabetic animal. Conclusion: The result of the present study indicated that the homeopathic drug S jambolanum (mother tincture) has a protective effect on diabetic induced carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disorders in STZ-induced diabetic animal.

Antiapoptotic efficacy of seed of Eugenia jambolana on testicular germ cell in experimental diabetic rat: a genomic study

This study was designed to focus the genetic regulation of diabetes‐induced testicular hypofunction and its amelioration by ethyl acetate fraction of seed of Eugenia jambolana. In this regard, we have assessed relevant biosensors such as biochemical, spermiological, histological and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, germ cell apoptosis and androgenic key enzymes along with in situ end labelling and DNA fragmentation study. After 60 days administration of said fraction, significant recovery in the glycated haemoglobin, serum testosterone, sperm viability, hypo‐osmotic swelling and nuclear chromatin decondensation were noted in fraction‐treated diabetic group in comparison with diabetic control. Besides this, a significant recovery in the expression of Bax, Bcl‐2, caspase‐9, caspase‐3, catalase, peroxidase, ∆5, 3β‐hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and 17β‐hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase genes was noted towards the control in ethyl acetate fraction‐treated group. Testicular histology focused a significant recovery in the number of different generation of germ cells at stage VII of spermatogenesis in fraction‐treated group. In situ end labelling and DNA fragmentation study of testicular tissues also showed a significant recovery in fraction‐treated group towards the control. These findings indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction showed outstanding antiapoptotic activity by neutralising oxidative stress as well as by the improvement in glycaemic sensors.

Antioxidant potential of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Caesalpinia bonduc: An in vitro study

It is well known that the over production of reactive oxygen species is harmful for living organisms and it damages major cellular constituents such as DNA, protein, and lipid. At present, searching of new plant sources having free radical scavenging activity is an important field of research in phytomedicine as natural products are safe and relatively low cost. In this respect, attention has been focused to evaluate the antioxidant potential of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Caesalpinia bonduc (Caesalpenacae) using different in vitro models. To evaluate the antioxidant activity, extract was examined on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effect, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging potential, and anti-lipid peroxidation activity by biochemical methods. Total phenol and flavonoids contents in the said extract were measured biochemically as per standard methods. Results were compared with butylated hydroxyl toluene and α-tocopherol. Results indicated that hydro-methanolic extract has strong scavenging activity on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical with IC50 value 157.4 μg/ml, hydroxyl radical with IC50 value 61.9 μg/ml and hydrogen peroxide with IC50 value 64.32 μg/ml. Hydro-methanolic extract also showed notable inhibition in lipid peroxidation having IC50 value 58.87 μg/ml. Phytochemical study focused that the extract is rich in phenolic compounds (24.66 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) and flavonoids (136.65 mg quercetin equivalent/g dried extract). Findings of the experiment indicated that the hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Caesalpinia bonduc is a source of natural antioxidants.

Diabetes induced testicular dysfunction amelioration by ethyl acetate fraction of hydromethanolic extract of root of Musa paradisiaca L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

Abstract Objective To investigate the diabetic therapeutic potentiality and antioxidative efficacy of ethyl acetate fraction of hydro-methanol (40:60) extract of root of Musa paradisiaca Lam. (Musaceae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Methods Streptozotocin-induced diabetic state was confirmed by decreased serum insulin level and carbohydrate metabolomics i.e. increased fasting blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin level and diminished glycogen contents in liver and skeletal muscle. Reproductive homeostasis alteration in diabetes was evaluated by reproductive organo-somatic indices, sperm count, motility and histological analysis of testicular seminiferous tubule along with levels of serum testosterone, testicular cholesterol and seminal vesicular fructose assessment. Oxidative stress in primary and accessory sex organs, and in sperm pellet was assessed by measuring antioxidant enzyme activities along with quantification of free radicals products. Testicular pro-apoptotic Bax-α mRNA expression pattern was studied semi-quantitatively by PCR technique. Reverse phase HPLC fingerprinting was performed using methanol and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Results Oral administration of ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 20 mg/0.5 mL of distilled water/100 gm body weight twice daily to the diabetic rats for 28 days significantly recovered organo-somatic indices, protected reproductive activities, corrected oxidative stress markers and pro-apoptotic mRNA expression pattern, which were deviated in diabetes mellitus from control level without any type of toxicity. HPLC fingerprinting shows five completely resolved peaks at γ max 254 nm and 342 nm. Conclusions It has a promising antihyperglycaemic and antioxidative activity for curing diabetes induced reproductive disorders in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.

Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidative efficacy of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rat

Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidative potentiality of ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat. Methods: Streptozotocin induced diabetic state was confirmed by increased level of fasting blood glucose, decreased level of serum insulin along with inhibition in carbohydrate metabolomics. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring antioxidative enzyme activities of hepatic and skeleto-muscular tissue. Hepatic Hexokinase-I , pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression patterns were noted by qRT-PCR technique. Results: After treatment with ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) leaves at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day to diabetic rats for 28 days, a significant (p < 0.05) recovery was noted in fasting blood glucose level, serum insulin level along with activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in hepatic tissue in respect to the vehicle treated diabetic group. This fraction also resulted a significant (p < 0.05) recovery in the activities of antioxidative enzymes in hepatic and skeleto - mascular tissue. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rat the low level of expression of Hexokinase-I , anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and high level of expression of pro-apoptotic Bax gene were observed in hepatic tissue in respect to vehicle treated control. There were recovered significantly after the treatment with the said fraction. Conclusion: From the results, it may be concluded that ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic extract of leaves of C. sinensis has a promising anti-diabetic and antioxidative activities for the management of streptozotocin induced diabetic state.