Kishore Tandon

Anomalies or illusions? Evidence from stock markets in eighteen countries

Abstract This paper examines five seasonal patterns in stock markets of eighteen countries: the weekend, turn-of-the-month, end-of-December, monthly and Friday-the-thirteenth effects. We find a daily seasonal in nearly all the countries, but a weekend effect in only nine countries. Interestingly, the daily seasonal largely disappears in the 1980s. The last trading day of the month has large returns and low variance in most countries. Many countries have large December pre-holiday and inter-holiday returns. The January returns are large in most countries and a significant monthly seasonal exists in ten countries.

The impact of international cross listings on risk and return: The evidence from American depository receipts

Abstract This paper examines the impact of the listing of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) on the risk and return of the underlying stocks. We find that the listing of ADRs is associated with positive abnormal returns to the underlying stock on the listing day. In addition, our results suggest that the listing of ADRs are associated with permanent increases in the return volatilities of the underlying stocks. We interpret this evidence as consistent with the existence of informed traders in the markets in which the ADRs and the underlying stocks trade.

Foreign acquisitions in the United States: Effect on shareholder wealth of foreign acquiring firms

Abstract This paper examines shareholder wealth gains for 195 foreign firms that acquired U.S. target firms during 1983–1992. We find that foreign acquirers experience positive and significant abnormal returns of nearly two percent over days (−10, +10) when they acquire targets in the United States; however, U.S. acquiring firms do not gain at all from their purchases of foreign firms over the same period. Analysis of abnormal returns reveals that Japanese, British, Australian and Dutch acquirers gain significantly from purchases of U.S. firms. Bidder abnormal returns are not related to relative size of target to bidder, or to the extent of their overseas exposure, or to the targets RD they do not exhibit an industry factor nor are they affected by the value of foreign currency. There is support for the hypothesis that competition among bidding firms for the same target decreases the returns to the acquirers; we find that the 1986 Tax Act has led to no gains to foreign buyers of U.S. firms.

Success in Global Venture Capital Investing: Do Institutional and Cultural Differences Matter?

We analyze the impact of institutional and cultural differences on success in global venture capital (VC) investing. In both developed and emerging economies, superior legal rights (and enforcement) and better-developed stock markets significantly enhance VC performance. Remarkably, cultural distance between countries of the portfolio company and its lead investor positively affects VC success. Further analysis reveals that cultural differences create incentives for rigorous ex-ante screening, improving VC performance. Finally, local VC participation enhances success and mitigates foreign VCs’ liability of foreignness, albeit only in developed economies. Our findings follow from analyzing VC investments in nearly 10,000 companies across 30 countries.

Valuation of Foreign Currency Options: Some Empirical Tests

This paper investigates the efficiency of the market for foreign currency options with the help of a modified version of the Black-Scholes model. The evidence in the ex post tests is inconsistent with this hypothesis since we find a large number of opportunities for abnormal profits. A second set of tests is conducted on an ex ante basis to determine whether these profit opportunities exist even if the execution of the strategy is delayed by one day. The evidence from these tests provides more support for the hypothesis of market efficiency.

Common stock returns, real activity, money, and inflation: Some international evidence

Abstract This paper tests whether the negative relationship between real stock returns and inflation in the United States is in fact proxying for a positive relationship between stock returns and real activity variables in six major industrial countries over 1966–1979. Consistent with Famas ‘proxy-effect’ hypothesis, we document a negative relationship between inflation and real activity and a positive one between real stock returns and real activity variables. Real activity variables dominate money growth rates and expected and unexpected inflation in explaining real stock returns. A puzzling result that still remains is the positive role of money and the negative role of expected inflation in explaining these real stock returns in all major industrial countries.

International market response to announcements of US macroeconomic data

Abstract This paper presents empirical evidence relating the announcement effects of US money supply and inflation (CPI and PPI) to Eurocurrency interest rates and the foreign currency markets (both spot and forward) for seven industrial countries over the period 1977–1982. The results indicate that unanticipated components of announced changes in money supply have a significant positive effect on Eurocurrency interest rates and a negative effect (implying dollar appreciation) on the spot exchange rates. Unanticipated changes in PPI have a positive significant effect on interest rates, a small surprisingly negative impact on spot exchange rates, and a positive effect on gold prices. The CPI has no effect on either market.

An Empirical Test of a Valuation Model for American Options on Futures Contracts

Pricing models for American call and put options on futures contracts are derived herein. These models are used to investigate the efficiency of the market for options on Standard & Poor 500 and German Mark futures. The evidence presented here indicates that market prices for these options deviate substantially from their corresponding model prices. In addition, it is shown that a hedging strategy originated at prices that indicate a deviation of market from model is successful in translating the observed mispricing into excess profits after transactions costs. However, these net profits are eliminated if the origination of the strategy is delayed by one trade, or if bid-ask spreads are accounted for.

The Information Content of Stock Split Announcements: Do Options Matter?

We provide a new test of the informational efficiency of trading in stock options in the context of stock split announcements. These announcements tend to be associated with positive abnormal returns. Our traditional event study results show abnormal returns that are significantly lower for optioned than non-optioned stocks, whether traded on the NYSE, Amex, or Nasdaq. After controlling for market returns, capitalization, book-to-market ratio, and trading volume, we find that the abnormal returns are significantly lower for NYSE/Amex optioned than non-optioned stocks. Although the results for Nasdaq stocks are not as clear, the overall effects tend to be lower after optioning. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the prices of optioned stocks embody more information, diminishing the impact of the stock split announcement. They provide new evidence of the beneficial effects of options on their underlying stocks.

Barriers to international investing and market segmentation: Evidence from Indian GDR market

Abstract In this paper we evaluate market segmentation and its effect on the pricing of cross-listed securities using Indian Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs). When international capital markets are segmented, cross-listed securities may trade at different prices. We test this market segmentation hypothesis using a theoretical and empirical model developed along the lines of Hietala [Hietala, P.T., 1989, Asset pricing in partially segmented markets: Evidence from the Finnish market, Journal of Finance 44, 697–718]) and Foerster and Karolyi [Foerster, S.R., Karolyi, A.G., 1999, The effects of market segmentation and investor recognition on asset prices: Evidence from foreign stocks listing in the United States, Journal of Finance 54, 981–1013; Foerster, S.R., Karolyi, A.G., 1999, The long-run performance of global equity offerings, Working Paper, Ohio State University]. Our model looks at a specific type of market segmentation in India, where capital flow barriers are such that domestic investors are allowed to invest only in domestic securities, while the foreign investors can invest in dollar-denominated Indian GDRs as well as other foreign securities. Tests on these GDRs indicate that foreign investors, who hold these depositary receipts, estimate the expected returns at a lower level than the domestic investors do. This leads to the GDRs being priced at a premium over the exchange rate adjusted prices of the underlying Indian securities. GDR index returns are affected by both domestic and international factors, while the underlying Indian securities are affected only by domestic variables.