Kiyoe Mizusawa

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF COLOR FIELDS, VISUAL ACUITY FIELDS, AND MOVEMENT PERCEPTION LIMITS AMONG VARSITY ATHLETES AND NON-VARSITY GROUPS

This paper examined effects of sports practice on patterns of color fields, limits of peripheral movement perception, and visual acuity field by comparing varsity ball players and non-varsity control groups. The first study measured extent of color fields and limits of horizontal and vertical meridians for peripheral movement perception of 139 college students. The second study tested visual acuity fields of female and male basketball players and female and male controls. The first study indicated that athletes had wider limits for horizontal movement perception, while the non-athletes had better vertical movement perception limits. Basketball players demonstrated color fields and limits for peripheral movement perception superior to those of soccer players. In the second study, athletes did not have any wider visual acuity fields than non-athletes, but their movement-perception limits were significantly wider than those of non-athletes.

Relationship Between Human Evaluation Of The Sharpness Of An Image And Modulation Transfer Function

The paper examines the relationship between human evaluation of the sharpness of an image and the objective degree of edge enhancement, defined in terms of a modulation transfer function derived from a physical light source and photographic materials. Human perception of the sharpness of the image was measured by the modified method of constant stimuli. The sharpness of the images of four pictures was correlated with the modulation transfer function expressed by information volume and photographic materials. The sample correlation coefficient was r = 0.83. Theoretical implications of less than perfect correlation between the human evaluation and physical units are thoroughly discussed.

The Analytical Research on Apparent Movement Perception: Psychophysical Consideration II

The present experiments are concerned with the analysis of the optimum apparent movement perception in relation to fast and slow movement perception. An attempt was made to find a theoretical interpretation of the apparent movement perception relative to real movement perception.

The Movement Perception Produced Without Actual Target Displacement

Presenting target stimuli at the proper spacing, duration, and time interval produces movement perception in human observers. The observer sees a single target stimulus moving continuously across the physically empty space, from its first location to its second. The optimum movement perception depends mainly on such physical variables as duration of light flashes, time between flashes, intensity of flashes, and distance between flashes. The present research explores the condition under which optimum move-ment perception occurs when the distances between two stimulus flashes are 2, 5, 8, 11 and 15 centimeters. In the research average duration of flashes, p, occurred when the optimum movement perception was measured as a function of the time between flashes, t, and expressed by the rational function, μ = 1/At4 + Bt3 + Ct2 + Dt + E The results may help one to understand one of the aspects of operator performance and to aid in improving man-machine systems.

Three Dimensional Perception Produced By Two 2 Dimensional Geometric Patterns Presented With Brief Exposure Times And Time Intervals

This paper examines the three dimensional perception of human subjects who observe two 2 dimensional geometric patterns at brief exposure times and time intervals without the aid of a stereoscope. In general, presenting two 2 dimensional geometric patterns at the proper spacing, exposure times, and time intervals produces two dimensional movement perception in human observers. The observer sees a set of patterns moving in a lateral direction, from its first location to its second. The lateral two dimensional movement perception occurs over a wide range of exposure times and time intervals of stimulus patterns. Some geometric patterns presented at certain limited exposure times and time intervals, however, produce three dimensional patterns. The present research investigates the range of the conditions necessary for producing three dimensional pattern recognitions while presenting two dimensional patterns. The research may provide an understanding of human pattern recognition processes and aid in improving man-machine systems.

The Perceptual Movement Image Produced Without Actual Target Displacement

The paper concerns the perceptual movement image produced without actual target displacement. The perceptual movement image is variously named the beta movement, phiphenomena, or apparent movement. The production of the movement images depends upon such physical factors as the proper distance between targets, the proper time interval between presentation of the targets, and the target intensities. The influence of these physical conditions on the perceptual movement images and their application are discussed in the paper; specifically, the emphasis is placed on the measurement methods. Psychological research in this area may provide some clues for designing optical instruments.

The Effects Of Atmospheric Ions On Visual Parameters

With the advancement of long duration of manned space flight and prolonged submergence of the nuclear powered submarine, research on the effects of atmospheric contaminants on human visual performance has been increased. Atmospheric ions could cause changes in efficiency of visual performance. The present paper is concerned with systematic review of articles on the effect of atmospheric ions on visual performances. In general, exposure to certain amount of negative ions enhance certain aspects of visual parameters such as brightness discrimination and motion detection, while certain amounts of positive ions deteriorate most visual performances. The need for the control of air ions in maintaining optimal environmental conditions has been suggested in this paper.

Distance Judgments in Space

The optimum conditions of stereoptics in relation to mans capabilities of distance judgment are discussed in this paper. It is suggested that by using stereo-optical instrumentation combined with the apparent movement phenomenon, a better visual effect will be produced than by using the stereoptic effect alone.

Psychological Errors In Photo-Optical Systems Of Simulation

Human factors are one of the most neglected aspects of reliability, even though they appear to be a major source of unreliability. Regardless of the accuracy of photo-optical instruments, if they are operated by a man, the reliability of the instruments will drop approximately 80 per cent. In this supplementary paper, some of the psychological aspects of the sources of unreliability in man-machine systems are briefly discussed. This discussion consequently helps in the consideration of the selection and training of users of photo-optical instruments.