Kiyoshi Nogi

CONTROL OF NANOSTRUCTURE OF MATERIALS

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes process technologies for nanostructural controls using mainly fine particles including nanoparticles as a starting material. The assembly structures of nanoparticles are discussed, introducing nanobiotechnologies and colloid processes. In addition, there is an explanation of fractal structures, rather than periodic or random structures, and optical properties. The chapter looks at nanoporous structures and their control technologies, including zeolite, creation technologies of nanoporous structures by dry processes, control technologies of nanoporous structures, and the control of tubular porous structures. The relation between nanocomposite structures used in catalysts and fuel cell electrodes and their functions is explained together with polymer nanocomposite technologies. In addition, plastic deformation technologies are discussed for controlling the nanostructures of metal and alloy. The distinctive process technologies of sintering and bonding of nanoparticle assembly and self-organization of nanoparticles are covered. The latest information is also introduced on various technologies useful for forming nanostructures, including sintering technologies of nanoparticles, low temperature sintering technologies of ceramics, aerosol deposition, colloid chemical processes, self-organization phenomena of nanoparticles in liquid phase, assembly patterning technologies, and organic/inorganic mesoporous materials.

EVALUATION METHODS FOR PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED BODY

Publisher Summary The functions inherent in nanoparticles can be maintained while lowering their reactivity by fabricating nanoparticles into nanostructures. Stable nanostructured materials, fully utilizing the functions of nanoparticles, can be created by fabricating composite and bulk materials from nanoparticles, depending on their intended use. This chapter deals with such nanostructured materials and their various functions and the characteristic evaluation by function. It summarizes the nature of nanostructures, relevant examples of the relations between nanostructures and their characteristics, and the functionality and the evaluation of the characteristics of nanostructures. The chapter describes an electrode of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), the structure of which is controlled using surface-coating type composite particles and the inner-dispersion type composite particles, as an example to explain the relation between nanostructures and their functional performance. In fabricating nanostructures in the application of nanoparticles, new functionalities are expected to produce many applications ranging over almost all fields in the coming years, with the advancement of technology. The chapter discusses the functional characteristics that are expected to be implemented in nanostructures in the coming future, including mechanical characteristics, thermal characteristics, electrical characteristics, electrochemical characteristics, electromagnetic characteristics, optical characteristics, catalytic characteristics, and gas permeability and separation characteristics.

CHARACTERIZATION METHODS FOR NANOSTRUCTURE OF MATERIALS

Publisher Summary Nanoanalysis/measurement is very important to develop processing and fabrication for nanomaterials, because the functions of nanomaterials are influenced by their sizes, shapes, and structures. Characterization methods for analysis and measurement for nanophenomena is essential in the development of nanobiotechnology. This chapter introduces the top-end characterization methods for nanomaterials. It discusses the principles and methodology of various methods used for characterizing the crystal structures, such as, X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, small-angle X-ray scattering method (SAXS), and Raman scattering techniques. It also discusses principles, equipments, and methodology of methods used for imaging of surface structure of nanomaterials, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), Fourier-transformation IR (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A macroscopic body composed of nanoparticles naturally possesses microscopic void space. Various methods for analyzing nitrogen isotherms to determine pore size distribution (PSD) in nanometer range are described in the chapter, such as capillary condensation phenomenon, micropore filling phenomenon, thermoporometry, mercury porosimetry, and SAXS.