Kjell Simonsson

Modeling of delamination using a discretized cohesive zone and damage formulation

Delamination initiation and growth are analyzed by using a discrete cohesive crack model. The delamination is constrained to grow along a tied interface. The model is derived by postulating the existence of a maximum load surface which limits the adhesive forces in the process zone of the crack. The size of this maximum load surface is made dependent on the amount of dissipated crack opening work, such that the maximum load surface shrinks to zero as a predefined amount of work is consumed. A damage formulation is used to reduce the adhesive forces. Mode I, II and III loading or any combined loading is possible. An analytical solution is obtained for a single mode opening and the implications of this result on the governing equations is discussed. The delamination model is implemented in the finite element code LS-DYNA and simulation results are shown to be in agreement with experimental results.

An ALE formulation for the solution of two-dimensional metal cutting problems

Abstract This work concerns the development of numerical methods for efficient and reliable computer simulations of cutting operations. A finite element (FE) code, based on an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation has been developed. The ALE formulation allows a natural treatment of the cracking of work material. In addition, large strains do not cause problematic element distortions and by using flow boundary conditions only a small part of the workpiece in the vicinity of the tool tip needs to be modeled. A few test simulations show promising results and the ALE formulation seems numerically robust.

Simulating DCB, ENF and MMB experiments using shell elements and a cohesive zone model

A delamination model for shell elements is presented. It consists of an adhesive penalty contact formulation for initially tying shells together and a cohesive zone model for degrading the adhesive forces. An adhesive contact used between shell elements has to account for the thickness offset, such that the rotational degrees of freedom in the shell elements are included in the algorithm. This is considered in the present contact model and the complete delamination model is implemented in the explicit Finite Element code LS-DYNA. By preventing delamination growth the delamination model can be turned into a tied contact. As such it is used in two FE-models, where plates are bonded together and subjected to various loads. The adhesive penalty contact performs well. The complete delamination is validated by simulating the Double Cantilever Beam, End-Notch Flexural and Mixed Mode Bending setups, and the results are shown to be in agreement with experimental data.

Simulation of delamination in fiber composites with a discrete cohesive failure model

Delamination initiation and growth are analyzed by using a discrete cohesive crack model. The model is derived by postulating the existence of a maximum load surface which limits the adhesive forces in the process zone of the crack. The size of the maximum load surface is made dependent on the amount of dissipated crack opening work such that the maximum load surface shrinks to zero as a predefined amount of work is consumed. Mode I, II, III loading or any combined loading is possible. The delamination model is implemented in the explicit finite-element code LS-DYNA and simulation results are found to be in agreement with experimental results. ⌐ 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Simulation of low velocity impact on fiber laminates using a cohesive zone based delamination model

An existing delamination model is further developed for use in transverse impact simulations. An algorithm is developed making it possible to determine the propagation direction of the delamination front. Using this it is possible to determine relative orientation of the delamination front with respect to the fibers above and below the interface. In a qualitative evaluation it is shown that the present delamination model can be used for modeling delamination initiation and growth in transverse impact simulations.

A Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution in Bone Tissue Surrounding Uncoupled or Splinted Dental Implants

BACKGROUND Several studies on one-stage surgery in the treatment of the edentulous maxilla with implant-supported fixed prostheses have reported problems with removable provisional prostheses, which can load the implants in an uncontrollable manner during healing, and jeopardize healing. Immediate splinting of the implants with a fixed provisional prosthesis has been proposed to protect the bone-implant interface. PURPOSE This study used the finite element method (FEM) to simulate stresses induced in bone tissue surrounding uncoupled and splinted implants in the maxilla because of bite force loading, and to determine whether the differences in these stress levels are related to differences in observed bone losses associated with the two healing methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stress levels in the maxilla were studied using the FEM program TRINITAS (Institute of Technology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden) in which all phases - preprocessing/modeling, equation solving, and postprocessing/evaluation - were simulated. RESULTS Stress levels in bone tissue surrounding splinted implants were markedly lower than stress levels surrounding uncoupled implants by a factor of nearly 9. CONCLUSION From a mechanical viewpoint, FEM simulation supports the hypothesis that splinting reduces damage evolution in bone tissue, which agrees with clinical observations.

A micromechanical model of the martensitic transformation

A micromechanical model of the martensitic transformation at the grain scale has been established, considering the more specific case of ferrous alloys. The transformation proceeds through the formation of successive variants of the product phase within a unit cell representative of a grain; interactions between neighbouring grains are simulated by the choice of periodic boundary conditions. From a thermodynamical analysis, a selection rule for the order and orientation of the forming martensitic variants has been established, based on internal stresses anisotropy. These concepts have been implemented into a two-dimensional finite element simulation of the transformation, considering an elastoplastic behaviour of both parent and product phases. Morphological and crystallographical features of the transformation are considered: one variant consists of a thin layer of elements within the mesh that can form with four possible discrete orientations. Simulation results show the development of the plate pattern as a combination of the influence of both external load and internal stresses built during the progress of the transformation. These are related to global evolutions of transformation plasticity vs. transformation progress. Comparison with experiments show a similar form of the evolutions of the total strain; however, the model overestimates the strain levels. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

Finite element based robustness study of a truck cab subjected to impact loading

Optimised designs have a tendency of being sensitive to variations. It is therefore of great importance to analyse this sensitivity to assure that a design is robust, i.e. sufficiently insensitive to variations. To analyse robustness, variations are introduced in model parameters, and their influences on simulation responses are studied. This is usually achieved using the Monte Carlo method. Though, due to the large number of simulations needed, the Monte Carlo method is very costly for problems requiring a long computing time. Therefore, in this work, a meta model-based Monte Carlo method is used to evaluate the robustness of a vehicle structure. That is, the Monte Carlo analysis is performed on a surface approximation of the true response, over the domain of interest. The methodology used is to first identify the variables that influence the response the most, referred to as a screening, using simple linear response surfaces. This is followed by a more detailed sensitivity analysis using only the identified variables and a quadratic response surface, thereby incorporating second order effects. A truck cab model exposed to a pendulum impact load is used as an evaluation of this method, and the important variables and their influence on the response are identified. The effect of including results from forming simulations is also evaluated using the truck cab model. Variations are introduced before forming simulations, thereby taking forming effects into account in the sensitivity analysis. The method was found to be a good tool to identify important dispersion variables and to give an approximate result of the total dispersion, all with a reasonable amount of simulations.

Modeling of the Constitutive Behavior of Inconel 718 at Intermediate Temperatures

Turbine disks are of large importance to turbine designers as theyare exposed to hot environment and subjected to high loads. Inorder to analyze such components with respect to fatigue crackinitiat ...

Experimental and finite element robustness studies of a bumper system subjected to an offset impact loading

A product of high quality is a product that performs well, not only in exactly the situations it was designed to handle but also in slightly different situations that arise in the usage of the product. As a specific example, the performance of a bumper system should not depend on small fluctuations in the manufacturing process or on small variations in the impact event. In this work, the robustness of an existing vehicle bumper system subjected to a crash load has been evaluated both experimentally and numerically. In the latter case, different widely used approaches to numerically assess the robustness have been utilised. A reliable numerical robustness study provides the designer with a valuable tool for improving a design, and an evaluation of these methods in this context is therefore of interest. It is concluded that for the example under study, both the Monte Carlo method and the metamodel-based Monte Carlo methods work well. Furthermore, for moderate dispersions levels, i.e. a small design space with no bifurcation in the deformation pattern, a linear response approximation is shown to have a sufficient accuracy to be used in the metamodel-based robustness analysis. The performed numerical robustness studies also point out that the performance of a nominal simulation, i.e. a simulation conducted with mean values for all variables, does not in general predict the mean performance of the finite element model. Finally, some possible design improvements for the bumper system under study are also identified.