Klaus Halbach

Tunable Coherent X-rays

A modern 1- to 2-billion-electron-volt synchrotron radiation facility (based on high-brightness electron beams and magnetic undulators) would generate coherent (laser-like) soft x-rays of wavelengths as short as 10 angstroms. The radiation would also be broadly tunable and subject to full polarization control. Radiation with these properties could be used for phase- and element-sensitive microprobing of biological assemblies and material interfaces as well as reserch on the production of electronic microstructures with features smaller than 1000 angstroms. These short wavelength capabilities, which extend to the K-absorption edges of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are neither available nor projected for laboratory XUV lasers. Higher energy storage rings (5 to 6 billion electron volts) would generate significantly less coherent radiation and would be further compromised by additional x-ray thermal loading of optical components.

Research and development toward a 4.5−1.5 Å linac coherent light source (LCLS) at SLAC

Abstract In recent years significant studies have been initiated on the feasibility of utilizing a portion of the 3 km S-band accelerator at SLAC to drive a short wavelength (4.5−1.5 A) Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) operating in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) regime. Electron beam requirements for single-pass saturation in a minimal time include: 1) a peak current in the 7 kA range, 2) a relative energy spread of e = λ 4π , where λ[m] is the output wavelength. Requirements on the insertion device include field error levels of 0.02% for keeping the electron bunch centered on and in phase with the amplified photons, and a focusing beta of 8 m/rad for inhibiting the dilution of its transverse density. Although much progress has been made in developing individual components and beam-processing techniques necessary for LCLS operation down to ∼20 A, a substantial amount of research and development is still required in a number of theoretical and experimental areas leading to the construction and operation of a 4.5−1.5 A LCLS. In this paper we report on a research and development program underway and in planning at SLAC for addressing critical questions in these areas. These include the construction and operation of a linac test stand for developing laser-driven photocathode rf guns with normalized emittances approaching 1 mm-mrad; development of advanced beam compression, stability, and emittance control techniques at multi-GeV energies; the construction and operation of a FEL Amplifier Test Experiment (FATE) for theoretical and experimental studies of SASE at IR wavelengths; an undulator development program to investigate superconducting, hybrid/permanent magnet (hybrid/PM), and pulsed-Cu technologies; theoretical and computational studies of high-gain FEL physics and LCLS component designs; development of X-ray optics and instrumentation for extracting, modulating, and delivering photons to experimental users; and the study and development of scientific experiments made possible by the source properties of the LCLS.

Wiggler and Undulator Magnets

To scientists using vacuum ultraviolet and x rays the most important characteristics of an ideal radiation source would be a high intensity within a small solid angle and a high intensity within a small wavelength interval, both extending over a broad range of wavelengths. High spatial brightness (large flux within a small solid angle) permits the delivery of a large number of photons per second to a small sample. High spectral brightness (large flux within a narrow wavelength interval) is essential for high‐resolution spectroscopy. A high‐power tunable vuv and x‐ray laser would be ideal, but unfortunately such a laser does not yet exist. Conventional vuv sources (such as gas‐discharge lamps) and x‐ray sources (such as electron‐impact x‐ray tubes) can produce a large flux of radiation, most of which is indeed within a narrow bandwidth at particular fluorescent lines. However, the flux is diffused over a large solid angle and the wavelength is fixed. The continuum radiation from these sources is less inten...

A 2 to 4 nm high power FEL on the SLAC linac

Abstract We report the results of preliminary studies of a 2 to 4 nm SASE FEL, using a photoinjector to produce the electron beam, and the SLAC linac to accelerate it to an energy up to 10 GeV. Longitudinal bunch compression is used to increase ten fold the peak current to 2.5 kA, while reducing the bunch length to the subpicosecond range. The saturated output power is in the multi-gigawatt range, producing about 1014 coherent photons within a bandwidth of about 0.2% rms, in a pulse of several millijoules. At 120 Hz repetition rate the average power is about 1 W. The system is optimized for X-ray microscopy in the water window around 2 to 4 nm, and will permit imaging a biological sample in a single subpicosecond pulse.

The QQDDQ magnet spectrometer “big karl”

A magnet spectrometer consisting of two quadrupoles, two dipole magnets and another larger quadrupole in front of the detector was designed and installed at the nuclear research institute of the KFA Julich. It has been used for charged-particle spectroscopy at the isochronous cyclotron since early 1979. Special features of the spectrometer are variable and high dispersion, coils for higher order field corrections in the dipole magnets and a focal plane perpendicular to the optical axis. A large mass-energy product of mE/q2<540 u·MeV, an angular acceptance of dΩ<12.5 msr, a high resolving power of p/Δp up to 3×104 and the possibility of kinematical corrections up to K=0.8 make the instrument a very versatile tool for many experiments in the fields of nuclear and atomic physics.

Permanent Multipole Magnets with Adjustable Strength

Preceded by a short discussion of the motives for using permanent magnets in accelerators, a new type of permanent magnet for use in accelerators is presented. The basic design and most important properties of a quadrupole will be described that uses both steel and permanent magnet material. The field gradient produced by this magnet can be adjusted without changing any other aspect of the field produced by this quadrupole. The generalization of this concept to produce other multipole fields, or combination of multipole fields, will also be presented.

Calculation of magnetic error fields in hybrid insertion devices

Abstract The Advanced Light Source (ALS) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory requires insertion devices with fields sufficiently accurate to take advantage of the small emittance of the ALS electron beam. To maintain the spectral performance of the synchrotron radiation and to limit steering effects on the electron beam these errors must be smaller than 0.25%. This paper develops a procedure for calculating the steering error due to misalignment of the easy axis of the permanent-magnet material. The procedure is based on a three-dimensional theory of the design of hybrid insertion devices developed by one of us. The acceptable tolerance for easy axis misalignment is found for a 5-cm-period undulator proposed for the ALS.

Iron-free permanent magnet systems for charged particle beam optics

The strength and astounding simplicity of certain permanent magnet materials allow a wide variety of simple, compact configurations of high field strength and quality multipole magnets. Here we analyze the important class of iron-free permanent magnet systems for charged particle beam optics. The theory of conventional segmented multipole magnets formed from uniformly magnetized block magnets placed in regular arrays about a circular magnet aperture is reviewed. Practical multipole configurations resulting are presented that are capable of high and intermediate aperture field strengths. A new class of elliptical aperture magnets is presented within a model with continuously varying magnetization angle. Segmented versions of these magnets promise practical high field dipole and quadrupole magnets with an increased range of applicability.

Rapidly modulated variable‐polarization crossed‐undulator source

The needs of research teams in many disciplines now mandate the construction of rapidly modulated variable-polarization crossed-undulators for polarization-sensitive experiments. Such a source is being proposed for the Aladdin storage ring at the Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC) to provide arbitrary polarization, modulated at 10 Hz, with a first harmonic tunable from 8-40 eV. An outline for an entire systems design is presented. The crossed-undulator design uses two planar undulator sections, each producing linearly polarized radiation, rotated with respect to one another by 90 degrees about their common longitudinal axis, and variably phased along the same axis, as illustrated. The proposed system will result in a comprehensive facility for the production and utilization of variably polarized radiation.<<ETX>>

Measurements and Correction of the PEP Interaction Region Quadrupole Magnets

Lenses for the intersection regions of PEP must be pure quadrupole over the entire magnet aperture to within 1:104. Correction of the magnet and its end fringe regions to this accuracy requires measurement of the field quality (relative field harmonic component amplitudes at the pole radius) to 1:105 through the 30th harmonic. Equipment developed for these measurements and the techniques used for field correction are described.