Klaus Kriesten

Die Ästheten mit intrapigmentärem Schalenauge vonChiton marmoratus L. (Mollusca, Placophora)

SummaryShape and fine structure of the aesthetes located in the uppermost calcareous layer of the shell plates (tegmentum) ofChiton marmoratus L. were demonstrated. Special interest was given to the intrapigmental eye which is laterally inserted in the aesthete body. It consists of a calcareous lens derived from the tegmentum, sensory cells with long microvilli at their distal end forming a rhabdomere, and a pigment cup. The shell eye of the Placophora was compared with the eyes of other invertebrates. We suppose that the intrapigmental eye is derived from a primitive photoreceptor like that we have described of the aesthete body below the macraesthete ofLepidochitona cinerea (L.). The macraesthete probably has no photoreceptor function.ZusammenfassungDie in der obersten Schalenschicht (Tegmentum) verteilten Ästheten vonChiton marmoratus L. wurden in Gestalt und Feinstruktur dargestellt. Dabei wurde besonders das intrapigmentäre Schalenauge berücksichtigt. Dieses sitzt den Ästheten seitlich an. Es besteht aus einer kalkigen Linse, die aus dem Tegmentum hervorgegangen ist, den Sinneszellen, deren lange distale Mikrovilli ein Rhabdomer bilden, und einem Pigmentbecher. Ein Vergleich der intrapigmentären Schalenaugen mit den Photoreceptoren von anderen Invertebraten wurde durchgeführt. Das intrapigmentäre Schalenauge leitet sich vermutlich von einem primitiven Photoreceptor ab, wie wir ihn vom Ästhetenkörper unterhalb des Makrästheten beiLepidochitona cinerea (L.) beschreiben. Der Makrästhet selbst hat wahrscheinlich keine photoreceptorische Funktion.

Determination of lithium and rubidium in physiological fluids and tissues of rabbits during the reproductive phase

1. The natural concentrations of lithium and rubidium were determined during the reproductive phase of rabbits by field desorption mass spectrometry. 2. Samples of serum, milk, amniotic fluid and placenta tissue were analysed. 3. The concentration changes in serum during the reproductive phase were between 2.61 and 5.02 micrograms/l for lithium and between 107.78 and 136.28 micrograms/l for rubidium. 4. Correlations between the concentration in maternal serum and bone growth of the fetus as well as the formation of milk were found. 5. Concentrations of 9.30 micrograms/l lithium and 1780.00 micrograms/l rubidium in the milk lead to the assumption that these trace metals are essential for the metabolism of the young rabbit.

Lithium, sodium, potassium and rubidium cation concentrations during the development of certain organs of unborn rabbits☆

The distribution of lithium, sodium, potassium and rubidium in rabbit fetuses was determined during the last two weeks of gestation. Samples of eye, brain, lung, heart, liver and kidney were investigated. Co-actions between the ion pairs Li+/Na+ and K+/Rb+ could be discerned. The essential properties of lithium and rubidium for the fetal development of rabbits were examined by investigating the supply of the fetal organs with these elements. Correlations between organ differentiation processes and metal concentrations were established and compared with the results obtained for the fetal development of other vertebrates.

Age-related changes of lipid fractions and total fatty acids in the serum of female and male rats aged from 37 to 1200 days

1. Total lipids and the lipid fractions cholesterol ester, triacylglycerols, free cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids as well as the fatty acid patterns of total lipids were measured in the serum of female and male rats (Wistar SPF, strain Hannover) aged 37-1213 days. 2. All parameters were monitored every 49th day. Five female and five male animals were used in each experiment. 3. All lipid fractions showed a significant positive linear regression vs age in both sexes. There were multiple significant differences in lipid fractions between the sexes. 4. Among the fatty acids only docosahexaenoic acid shows a significant correlation with age in both sexes.

Haematological values during normal reproduction of the maternal and the fetal rabbit.

1. Haematological values of non-pregnant/non-lactating, pregnant as well as lactating rabbits and 28-day-old fetuses were measured. 2. The haemoglobin content in does decreased during the observed periods from 122 +/- 8 g/l to 100 +/- 11 g/l. In 28-day-old fetuses it was 85 +/- 0 g/l. 3. The erythrocyte count in 28-day-old fetuses was 2.4 X 10(12)/l. In the does, the erythrocyte count was 5.2 X 10(12)/l in week 4 of gestation. The erythrocyte volume in fetuses was about 45% higher than that of the doe. 4. In fetuses the leucocyte count was approximately one ninth that of the mother in week 4 of gestation (0.41 +/- 0.08 X 10(9)/l vs 3.8 +/- 0.4 X 10(9)/l).

Iron and copper concentrations in the maternal and fetal serum, placenta and amniotic fluid during the reproductive stadium as well as in the milk of rabbits

Serum concentrations of iron and copper from rabbits (New Zealand White hybrids; N = 12) were determined during the reproductive stadium (gestation and four weeks of lactation). Samples of serum from fetuses, placental tissue and amniotic fluid were also examined. Iron: a decrease of iron in the maternal serum during the second half of gestation was observed, whilst a significant rise occurred in the first week of lactation. The content of iron in the fetal serum dropped from day 21 to day 28 of gestation. The iron concentration in the placental tissue decreased during this time. A rise of the iron level in the amniotic fluid was determined from day 21 to day 28 of gestation. The iron content in the milk was about 33 mumol/l (first and second day of lactation). Copper: in the first half of pregnancy the copper level diminished slightly compared with the content of non-pregnant, non-lactating rabbits, while a rise was observed in the fourth week of this period. The copper concentration decreased in the first week of lactation and then reached the peak level in the second week of this phase. The copper level in the fetal serum declined from day 21 to day 28 of gestation, while the copper content in the amniotic fluid increased significantly on day 28, in comparison with day 21 of gestation. In contrast, a decline of the copper concentration in the placental tissue was noticed from day 21 to day 28 of this period. The copper content in the milk was nearly 25 mumol/l (first and second day of lactation).

Quantification of alkaline-earth metals in rabbit fetuses during the last two weeks of gestation by field desorption mass spectrometry

ZusammenfassungMit einer Kombination von Isotopenverdünnung und Felddesorptions-Massenspektrometrie werden Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium und Barium in den fetalen Kaninchenorganen Auge, Gehirn, Niere, Lunge, Herz und Leber während der dritten und vierten Gestationswoche bestimmt. Es wird festgestellt, daß mit zunehmender Differenzierung der Organe die Metallkonzentration deutlich abnimmt. Dieser Vorgang steht im Zusammenhang mit der gleichzeitigen Abnahme der extrazellulären Flüssigkeit. In der vierten Gestationswoche erreicht die Konzentration der Erdalkalimetalle bei den Kaninchen einen Wert, der dem physiologisch normalen Niveau anderer Wirbeltiere entspricht.SummaryThe fetal rabbit organs eye, brain, kidney, lung, heart and liver from the third and fourth weeks of gestation were investigated. Quantitative determination of the alkaline earth ions magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium was carried out using field desorption mass spectrometry and stable isotope dilution analysis. It was established that in the course of organ differentiation processes the metal concentrations fall markedly. This fact is related to the simultaneous fall in extracellular liquids. In the fourth week of gestation the concentrations of the alkaline earth ions reach a level in the rabbit fetus which is comparable to the physiologically normal level in other vertebrates.

Concentrations of electrolytes and trace metals in amniotic fluid and body tissues of rabbits during the last two weeks of gestation.

Uterus and placenta of the mother animals, amniotic fluid as well as skin, ossified bone tissue and skeletal muscle of the fetuses were examined. The natural concentrations of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+-ions were determined in the third and fourth weeks of gestation. The concentrations of trace metals down to 10(-9) g metal/g tissue could be determined, with a standard deviation of less than +/- 10%, by field desorption mass spectrometry. Correlations between lithium concentrations and bone growth were discerned. Differentiation-processes of the fetal skin were indirectly verified by the marked decrease of all metal ions with the progress of gestation. Concentration changes of metals in uterus tissue during gestation correspond to the changes in maternal serum at the same stage.

Age-related changes of lipid fractions and total fatty acids in liver lipids and heart lipids of female and male rats aged 37–1200 days (liver) and 331–1200 days (heart)

1. Total lipids and the lipid fractions cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol, free cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids, as well as the fatty acid patterns of total lipids, were measured in liver homogenates of female and male rats (Wistar SPF, strain Hannover) aged 37-1213 days. 2. The same parameters were measured in the apex of the heart in female and male rats aged 331-1213 days. 3. All parameters were monitored every 49th day. Five female and five male animals were used in each experiment. 4. The lipid fractions in liver showed a positive linear regression vs age, whereas all lipids in rat heart showed a negative regression vs age in both sexes. 5. The significance of regression vs age of fatty acids was much less than that in the lipid fractions of liver and heart of these animals.

Zur Feinstruktur der Blutmonozyten des Haushuhns

SummaryThe fine structure of the monocytes from 10 clinically healthy hybrid hens was investigated electron microscopically. A second fixation method afterHirsch andFedorko (1968) was used. — The activity of the monocytes is characterised by a well developed Golgi apparatus, ER- and vesicular respectively granular structures. Furthermore the cells contain fine filaments with cross-bridges, microtubules and - in a single case-phagocytized cellular particles.ZusammenfassungBlutmonozyten von 10 klinisch gesunden, legenden weißen Hybridhennen wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Dabei wurde eine zweite Fixierungsmethode in Anlehnung anHirsch u.Fedorko (1968) angewandt. — Deutlich ausgeprägte Golgi-, ER-sowie vesikuläre bzw. granuläre Strukturen kennzeichnen die Aktivität der Monozyten. Sie enthalten außerdem feine Filamente, die stellenweise durch Querbrücken verbunden sind, Mikrotubuli sowie in einem Fall phagozytierte zelluläre Partikel.