Knud Erik Meyer

A turbulent jet in crossflow analysed with proper orthogonal decomposition

Detailed instantaneous velocity fields of a jet in crossflow have been measured with stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV). The jet originated from a fully developed turbulent pipe flow and entered a crossflow with a turbulent boundary layer. The Reynolds number based on crossflow velocity and pipe diameter was 2400 and the jet to crossflow velocity ratios were R =3.3 and R =1.3. The experimental data have been analysed by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). For R =3.3, the results in several different planes indicate that the wake vortices are the dominant dynamic flow structures and that they interact strongly with the jet core. The analysis identifies jet shear-layer vortices and finds that these vortical structures are more local and thus less dominant. For R =1.3, on the other hand, jet shear-layer vortices are the most dominant, while the wake vortices are much less important. For both cases, the analysis finds that the shear-layer vortices are not coupled to the dynamics of the wake vortices. Finally, the hanging vortices are identified and their contribution to the counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) and interaction with the newly created wake vortices are described.

A Visual Description of the Convective Flow Field around the Head of a Human

Mean velocity data obtained by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) around the head of a real-life size breathing thermal manikin are presented for two cases of ‘no breathing’ and ‘continuous exhalation through nose’. Experiments were conducted in a special chamber which provided stationary convective flows around the seated manikin. Results are limited to the plane of symmetry. The paper aims to describe the physical structure of the turbulent flow field by presenting velocity and vorticity data in color graphics.

Flow Mapping of a Jet in Crossflow with Stereoscopic PIV

Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been used to make a three-dimensional flow mapping of a jet in crossflow. The Reynolds number based on the free stream velocity and the jet diameter was nominally 2400. A jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio of 3.3 was used. Details of the formation of the counter rotating vortex pair found behind the jet are shown. The vortex pair results in two regions with strong reversed velocities behind the jet trajectory. Regions of high turbulent kinetic energy are identified. The signature of the unsteady shear layer vortices is found in the mean vorticity field.

Flow diagnostics downstream of a tribladed rotor model

This paper presents results of a study of vortex wake structures and measurements of instantaneous 3D velocity fields downstream of a triblade turbine model. Two operation modes of flow around the rotor with different tip speed ratios were tested. Initially the wake structures were visualized and subsequently quantitative data were recorded through velocity field restoration from particle tracks using a stereo PIV system.The study supplied flow diagnostics and recovered the instantaneous 3D velocity fields in the longitudinal cross section behind a tribladed rotor at different values of tip speed ratio. This set of data provided a basis for testing and validating assumptions and hypothesis regarding classical theories of rotors.

Flow and Edge Scour in Current Adjacent to Stone Covers

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on edge scour adjacent to a stone cover laid on a sandy bed. The three-dimensional flow over the edge of the stone layer has been investigated by the use of particle image velocimetry. The flow measurements show a significant amount of turbulence in the primary flow near the junction between the stone layer and the sand bed and the formation of complex secondary-flow structures. The results show that the flow and the edge scour process in a steady current are governed by the size of the roughness elements and to some extent the side slope of the berm. The edge scour is caused by the combined action of the primary flow and the secondary flow. The primary flow stirs up the sediment and puts it into suspension, and the secondary flow carries it away from the junction between the stone layer and the sand bed, resulting in a scour hole forming adjacent to the toe of the stone layer. The measured scour depth attained a constant level of ap...

Streamwise and Radial Decomposition of a Turbulent Axisymmetric Jet

Planar PIV was used to acquired 10, 000 independent samples of the far field of a free, turbulent round air jet flow of exit Reynolds number 20,000. The objective was to test the two-point similarity theory of Ewing et al. [1]. After applying the similarity mapping, two-point velocity correlation analysis showed independence of streamwise origin, confirming the hypothesized streamwise homogeneity in two-point similarity coordinates. The velocity data was subsequently spatially decomposed by applying Fourier transformation in the ‘homogenized’ streamwise direction and POD to obtain orthogonal basis functions in the radial direction.

Investigation of Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Over 2D Bump Using Highly Resolved Large Eddy Simulation

A large eddy simulation (LES) study of turbulent non-equilibrium boundary layer flow over 2D Bump, at comparatively low Reynolds number Reh=U∞h/ν=1950, was conducted. A well-known LES issue of obtaining and sustaining turbulent flow inside the computational domain at such low Re, is addressed by conducting a precursor calculation of the spatially developing boundary layer flow. Those results were subsequently used as turbulent inflow database for the main non-equilibrium boundary layer flow computation. The Sagaut (Rech. Aero., pp. 51–63, 1996) sub grid scale (SGS) turbulence model, based on a local estimate of the subgrid scale turbulent kinetic energy ksgs and implicit damping of turbulent SGS viscosity νt(sgs) in the near-wall region, was selected as a suitable basis for the present LES computations due to the fact that block structured MPI parallelized CFD code used in the current computations did not provide a direct possibility for wall-damping of, e.g., the Smagorinsky constant in the near-wall region. The grid utilized in the main calculation consisted of approximately 9.4 × 106 grid points and the boundary layer flow results obtained, regarding both mean flow profiles and turbulence quantities, showed a good agreement with the available laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements. Analysis of the flow was directly able to identify and confirm the existence of internal layers at positions related to the vicinity of the upstream and downstream discontinuities in the surface curvature and also partially confirm a close interdependency between generation and evolution of internal layers and the abrupt changes in the skin friction, previously reported in the literature.

Large eddy simulations of the influence of piston position on the swirling flow in a model two-stroke diesel engine

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of piston position on the in-cylinder swirling flow in a simplified model of a large two-stroke marine diesel engine. Design/methodology/approach – Large eddy simulations with four different models for the turbulent flow are used: a one-equation model, a dynamic one-equation model, a localized dynamic one-equation model and a mixed-scale model. Simulations are carried out for two different geometries corresponding to 100 and 50 percent open scavenge ports. Findings – It is found that the mean tangential profile inside the cylinder changes qualitatively with port closure from a Lamb-Oseen vortex profile to a solid body rotation, while the axial velocity changes from a wake-like profile to a jet-like profile. The numerical results are compared with particle image velocimetry measurements, and in general, the authors find a good agreement. Research limitations/implications – Considering the complexity of the real engine, the authors designed the engi...

Continuous versus pulsating flow boiling. Experimental comparison, visualization, and statistical analysis

This experimental study investigates an active method for flow boiling heat transfer enhancement by means of fluid flow pulsation. The hypothesis is that pulsations increase the flow boiling heat transfer by means of better bulk fluid mixing, increased wall wetting, and flow-regime destabilization. The fluid pulsations are introduced by a flow modulating expansion device and are compared with continuous flow by a stepper-motor expansion valve in terms of time-averaged heat transfer coefficient. The cycle time ranges from 1 to 9 s for the pulsations. The time-averaged heat transfer coefficients are reduced from transient measurements immediately downstream of the expansion valves at low vapor qualities. The results show that the pulsations improve the time-averaged heat transfer coefficient by 3.2% on average at low cycle time (1 to 2 s), whereas the pulsations may reduce the time-averaged heat transfer coefficient by as much as 8% at high heat flux (q ⩾ 35 kW/m2) and cycle time (8 s). The latter reduction is attributed to a significant dry-out that occurs when the flow modulating expansion valve is closed. Additionally, the effect of fluid flow pulsations is found to be statistically significant, disregarding the lowest heat flux measurements.

Identifying Sources of Stereoscopic PIV Measurements Errors on Turbulent Round Jets

This paper addresses some hurdles in experimental data acquisition and analysis when sampling an axisymmetric flow in Cartesian coordinates. The problems are illustrated using recent SPIV data taken in the far field of a turbulent round jet in air. Discrepancies became apparent when trying to reconstruct the polar coordinate moments from Cartesian ones, since both components of the in-plane moments of the latter must be measured to within the same relative accuracy in order to recover the axisymmetry. Various sources for the observed discrepancies are considered including differential resolution of the Cartesian components, peak-locking and misregistration in the stereoscopic recombination. The last seems to be the most important one.Copyright