Koteshwara Mudigonda

A simple and rapid method to collect the cerebrospinal fluid of rats and its application for the assessment of drug penetration into the central nervous system.

Many central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery programs require the successful collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for assessing CNS penetration and distribution of new chemical entities. The objective of the present investigation was to simplify the technique for collecting maximum CSF from cisterna magna of the rats. Rat was anesthetized with 5% halothane and positioned in a stereotaxic frame. The rat head was flexed downward at approximately 45 degrees , a depressible surface with the appearance of a rhomb between occipital protuberances and the spine of the atlas becomes visible. The 23 G needle was punctured into the cisterna magna for CSF collection without making any incision at this region. The blunt end of the needle was inserted into a 10 in. length of PE-50 tubing and other end of the tubing was connected to a collection syringe. The non-contaminated sample was drawn into the syringe by simple aspiration. This technique is simple and can be performed by one person. The technique has a greater than 95% success rate of CSF collection and it was free of red blood cell contamination. In addition, it yielded 100-120 microL of CSF per rat. This method is simple, effective, and easy to perform and has been successfully applied in preclinical screening of novel chemical entities in neuropharmacotherapy for CNS use. The present method is demonstrated by studying the CSF concentrations of carbamazepine and raclopride.

Simultaneous quantification of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor emtricitabine and a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir in plasma by liquid chromatography positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A high-performance liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir was developed and validated with 100 microL human plasma. Following solid-phase extraction, the analytes were separated using a gradient mobile phase on a reverse-phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+ ions, m/z 316 to 168 for efavirenz, m/z 248-130 for emtricitabine and m/z 288-176 for tenofovir, m/z 482-258 for rosuvastatin (IS), m/z 260-116 for propranolol (IS). The method exhibited a 100-fold linear dynamic range for all the three analytes in human plasma (20-2000, 2-200 and 20-2000 ng/mL for efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir respectively). The lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/mL for emtricitabine and 20 ng/mL for both efavirenz and tenofovir with a relative standard deviation of less than 11%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The total chromatographic run time of 4 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 250 human plasma samples per day. The method is precise and sensitive enough for its intended purpose. The method is also successfully applied to quantify efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir concentrations in a rodent pharmacokinetic study.

Liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of pregabalin in human plasma

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of pregabalin in human plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analyte was separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse-phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H](+) ions, m/z 160-142 for pregabalin and m/z 482-258 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 1-10,000ng/mL for pregabalin in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 1ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 11.4%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 4.0min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 300 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic studies.

Quantification of acetylcholine, an essential neurotransmitter, in brain microdialysis samples by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Chemical neurotransmission has been the subject of intensive investigations in recent years. Acetylcholine is an essential neurotransmitter in the central nervous system as it has an effect on alertness, memory and learning. Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is fast and quickly metabolizes to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase. Hence the concentration in the extracellular fluid of the brain is low (0.1-6 nm). Techniques such as microdialysis are routinely employed to measure acetylcholine levels in living brain systems and the microdialysis sample volumes are usually less than 50 microL. In order to develop medicine for the diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction like mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimers disease, schizophrenia and Parkinsons disease, or to study the mechanism of the illness, it is important to measure the concentration of acetylcholine in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Recently considerable attention has been focused on the development of chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques to provide more sensitive and accurate quantification of acetylcholine collected from in-vivo brain microdialysis experiments. This review will provide a brief overview of acetylcholine biosynthesis, microdialysis technique and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which is being used to quantitate extracellular levels of acetylcholine.

Sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of Quetiapine in plasma

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of quetiapine in rat plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analyte was separated using a gradient mobile phase on a reverse-phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+ ions, m/z 384 to m/z 221 for quetiapine and m/z 327 to m/z 270 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.25-500 ng/mL for quetiapine in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.25 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 7%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The validated method was successfully used to analyze rat plasma samples for application in pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies. This method in rodent plasma could be adapted for quetiapine assay in human plasma.

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of amisulpride with LLOQ of 100 pg/mL using 100 µL of plasma

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of amisulpride in 100 microL of human plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse-phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective (M + H)(+) ions, m/z 370-242 for amisulpride and m/z 341-112 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range with a lower range of 0.1-100 ng/mL and a higher range of 1-500 ng/mL of amisulpride in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for both linearity ranges. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 275 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic studies.

Pharmacokinetic profiling of efavirenz–emtricitabine–tenofovir fixed dose combination in pregnant and non‐pregnant rats

During pregnancy, the disposition of various drugs is altered due to changes in physiological condition, maternal gastrointestinal absorption, gastric secretion and motility. A fixed dose combination of antiretrovirals is commonly prescribed for the treatment of HIV infection. There is a need to understand the pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of efavirenz–emtricitabine–tenofovir in fixed dose combination during pregnancy. The pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of efavirenz–emtricitabine–tenofovir fixed dose combination was evaluated in timed pregnant and non‐pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats at 30, 10, 15 mg/kg p.o., respectively. The plasma, placental tissue, amniotic fluid and fetal tissue concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometric detector (LC‐MS/MS). To summarize, the pharmacokinetic profile of efavirenz remained similar in the pregnant and non‐pregnant rats. However, a considerable difference in the pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine and tenofovir was observed in pregnant and non‐pregnant rats. Efavirenz and emtricitabine showed appreciable placental, amniotic fluid and fetal exposure compared with tenofovir. The present study suggests that a profound impact on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics was observed during pregnancy and there is a need to monitor the exposure levels of each drug when administered as a fixed dose combination during pregnancy. Further studies to explore the pharmacokinetic parameters of fixed dose antiretrovirals during the preclinical stage in a timed‐pregnancy rat model are required. Such studies can help in the development of safe and effective medications with a reduced risk of perinatal transmission of HIV‐1 infection. Copyright

Simultaneous extraction of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid from human plasma and simultaneous estimation by liquid chromatography and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry detection: Application to a pharmacokinetic study

A simple analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in atmospheric chemical ionization mode (APCI) for the simultaneous estimation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, CAS 50-78-2) and its active metabolite salicylic acid (SA, CAS 69-72-7) in human plasma has been developed and validated. ASA and SA were analyzed simultaneously despite differences in plasma concentration ranges of ASA and SA after oral administration of ASA. In spite of having different chemical, ionization and chromatographic properties, ASA and SA were extracted simultaneously from the plasma sample using acetonitrile protein precipitation followed by liquid-liquid extraction. The analytes were separated on a reversed phase column with rapid gradient program using mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate buffer and methanol. The structural analogue diclofenac was used as an internal standard. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions m/z 179 --> 137 for ASA, m/z 137 --> 65 for SA and m/z 294 --> 250 for IS were used. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.02-10 microg/mL for ASA and 0.1-50 microg/mL for SA. The between-batch precision (%CV) ranged from 2.1 to 7.9% for ASA and from 0.2 to 5.2% for SA. The between-batch accuracy ranged from 95.4 to 96.7% for ASA and from 94.6 to 111.3% for SA. The validated method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetics of ASA after single oral administration of 650 mg test formulation versus two 325 mg reference formulations of ASA in human subjects.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of dimebon in rat plasma and brain tissue

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of dimebon in rat plasma and brain tissue. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analyte was separated using a gradient mobile phase on a reversed phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H](+) ions, m/z 320-277 for dimebon and m/z 407-100 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.25-250 ng/mL for dimebon in rat plasma and brain tissue. Acceptable precision (<11%) and accuracy (100+/-7%) were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 2.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 250 samples per day. The method was successfully applied to quantify dimebon concentrations in a rodent pharmacokinetic study. Moreover, it can be believed that the assay method in rat plasma would facilitate the ease of adaptability of dimebon quantification in human plasma for clinical trials.

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of Sarpogrelate, a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, in plasma: application to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study

A simple LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the estimation of sarpogrelate in 50 µL of rat plasma. The analyte and internal standard (IS) were extracted from rat plasma by acetonitrile precipitation and they were separated on a reversed-phase C₈ column with gradient program. The MS acquisition was performed with multiple reaction monitoring mode using m/z 430.2 to m/z 135.0 for analyte and m/z 448.2 to m/z 285.3 for IS. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 1-1000 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient greater than 0.999. With dilution integrity up to 20-fold, the upper limit of quantification was extendable up to 15,000 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of rat plasma samples after single dose oral administration of sarpogrelate at 5 mg/kg to rats for the determination of its pharmacokinetics. Following oral administration the maximum mean concentration in plasma (C(max), 11514 ng/mL) was achieved at 0.25 h (T(max)) and the area under curve (AUC₀-₂₄) was 11051 ± 3315 ng h/mL. The half-life (t(¹/₂)) and clearance (Cl) were 2.9 ± 1.1  h and 490 ± 171 mL/h/kg, respectively. We believe that development of a method in rodent plasma would facilitate the ease of adaptability of sarpogrelate in human plasma.