Koushik Majumder

An Efficient Ant Based QOS Aware Intelligent Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm for MANETS

A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET ) is a self configurable network connected by wireless links. This type of network is only suitable for temporary communication linksas it is infrastructure-less and there is no centralised control. Providing QoS aware routing is a challenging task in this type of network due to dynamic topology and limited resources. The main purpose of QoS aware routing is to find a feasible path from source to destination which will satisfy two or more end to end QoS constrains. Therefore, the task of designing an efficient routing algorithm which will satisfy all the quality of service requirements and be robust and adaptive is considered as a highly challenging problem . In this work we have designed a new efficient and energy aware multipath routing algorithm based on ACO framework, inspired by the behaviours of biological ants. Basically by considering QoS constraints and artificial ants we have designed an intelligent version of classical Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm(TORA) which will increase network lifetime and decrease packet loss and average end to end delay that makes this algorithm suitable for real time and multimedia applications.

A novel energy efficient chain based hierarchical routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

The nodes in a sensor network are severely constrained by energy. Reducing the energy consumption of the nodes to prolong the network lifetime is considered a critical challenge while designing a new routing protocol. In this paper we propose a new power-aware, adaptive, hierarchical and chain based protocol — CCPAR (Clustered Chain based Power Aware Routing) that utilizes the periodic assignments of the cluster head role to different nodes based on the highest residual battery capacity for ensuring the even dissipation of power by all the nodes. Transmission from a single cluster head to the base station in each round and the distribution of the data aggregation workload among all the nodes, save the cluster heads from early exhaustion. The use of data aggregation also reduces the amount of information to be transmitted to the base station. By chaining the nodes in each cluster and using a separate chain for the cluster heads, CCPAR offers the advantage of small transmit distances for most of the nodes and thus helps them to be operational for a longer period of time by conserving their limited energy. The simultaneous construction of multiple chains in different clusters reduces the time for chain construction as well as the length of each of the chains. These shorter length chains solve the problem of excessive delay in transmission for the distant nodes. Use of a fresh set of parameter values in each round provides the users the flexibility to change these values in a way to control the power consumption. The introduction of MAX threshold enables CCPAR to be quickly responsive and thus highly suitable for time critical applications. From the performance evaluation we observe that CCPAR outperforms other protocols in terms of energy saving and longevity of the network.

Optimized secondary user selection for quality of service enhancement of Two-Tier multi-user Cognitive Radio Network: A game theoretic approach

Abstract Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is the solution for the spectrum scarcity problem, that has surfaced with the exponential increase in number of mobile users. In CRN, the cognitive devices sense the spectrum, and transmits, on detecting an available channel. Thus CRN resourcefully utilize the idle spectrum bands. In CRN, the users are classified into two types - Primary users and Secondary users. Secondary users are further classified into two tiers- Real Time users (RT) and Non-Real Time users (NRT). Users from both the tiers share a single channel for transmission, resulting in efficient spectrum usage. However, with ever growing number of secondary mobile users having diverse QoS requirements, the cognitive interactions among them need to be optimized. This paper uses game theory to study the conflict and cooperation among the two tiers of secondary users. An auction game model is proposed that analyzes the complex decision making process and efficiently allocates an idle channel to a pair of RT and NRT secondary users from a pool of users. The game model is further extensively analyzed mathematically, using Markov chain, showing a reduction in user Blocking probability, user Dropping probability, Channel Saturation probability and increase in user Acceptance probability, compared to the Basic One-Tier CRN and Non-Optimized Two-Tier CRN. The optimized network model is then simulated using Qualnet 7.1. The simulation result shows improved Bandwidth Utilization Efficiency, Spectral efficiency and increased number of secondary users served, compared with respect to Basic One-Tier CRN and Non-Optimized Two-Tier CRN.

A Comparative Analysis of the Ant Based Systems for QoS Routing in MANET

The huge growth of mobile and handheld devices has immensely popularized the ad hoc networks, which do not require any wired infrastructure for intercommunication. The nodes of mobile ad hoc network operate as the routers as well as the end hosts. The communication occurs in single hop and multi-hop paths. Due to explosive growth of mobile devices, the user’s desires for real time applications are increasing day by day providing the new challenges in the design of protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Support for quality of service (QoS) like delay, bandwidth, energy, hop-count etc. are necessary to face the challenges and to enable real time applications for Mobile Ad hoc network. In particular, it is important that the routing protocols incorporate the QoS metrics in route finding and maintenance to support the end-to-end QoS. In this paper we have studied the issues and challenges involved with the existing QoS-aware routing schemes and the use of biologically inspired ant colony optimization technique for QoS-aware routing in MANET. In addition to this, we have carried out a thorough comparison study of the existing ant colony based QoS-aware routing schemes in order to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of these schemes. Finally the future scope, which is inferred from the comparison study of existing protocols have been discussed.

A Survey on Power Aware Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

The Mobile Ad-Hoc network is a growing type of wireless network characterized by decentralized and dynamic topology. One of the main challenges in Mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANETs) is that it has very limited power supply. To overcome the challenge, there are several power-aware routing protocols that have been developed in recent years. This paper describes a survey on some of those energy aware routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc networks. The first category of power aware protocol schemes minimizes the total transmission power and the second category of schemes tries to increase the remaining battery level of every individual node to increase the lifetime of the entire network. The optimizations between these two objectives are important issues in power aware routing. This discussion focuses on different power saving algorithms and their development and modifications. After analyzing the existing works it has been seen that there are still several fields (using a dual threshold, passive energy saving etc) where we can give more focus in the future.

Analysis of QOS Parameters for DSDV and DSR in Hybrid Scenario

The area of mobile ad hoc networking has gained widespread interest of the network research community in recent years because of the ability of the MANETs to provide truly distributed and decentralized communication facility on ad hoc basis. But due to the bandwidth constrained links and limited transmission range of the mobile nodes, MANETs suffer from the inability to cover a wider network area. It is, however, possible to combine an infrastructure-less ad hoc network with a fixed one to form a hybrid network which can cover a wider area with the advantage of having less fixed infrastructure. Due to the hybrid nature of these networks, routing is considered a challenging task. Several routing protocols have been proposed and tested under various traffic conditions. However, the simulations of such routing protocols usually do not consider the hybrid network scenario. In this work we have carried out a systematic simulation based performance analysis of the two prominent routing protocols: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols in the hybrid networking environment using NS2. We have analyzed the performance differentials on the basis of three QOS parameters – packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load under varying pause time with different number of sources.

Implementation and performance analysis of the gateway discovery approaches in the integrated MANET-Internet scenario

Most of the research in the field of ad hoc network is limited to stand-alone isolated networks. In order to facilitate the users with the huge pool of resources together with the global services available from the Internet and for widening the coverage area of the MANET there is a growing need to integrate these ad hoc networks to the Internet. For this purpose we need gateways which act as bridges between these two different protocol architectures. The gateway discovery in hybrid network is considered as a critical and challenging task and with decreasing pause time and greater number of sources it becomes even more complex. Due to the scarcity of network resources in MANET, the efficient discovery of the gateway becomes a key issue in the design and development of future hybrid networks. In this paper the AODV reactive routing protocol is extended to support the communication between the MANET and the Internet. We have described the design and implementation of the various gateway discovery approaches and carried out a systematic simulation based performance evaluation of them using NS2 under different network scenarios. The performance differentials are analyzed on the basis of three metrics — packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load.

An Efficient Ant Colony Based Routing Algorithm for Better Quality of Services in MANET

The mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) are infrastructure less and decentralized group of mobile nodes where the routers and mobile hosts are connected over wireless radio links. With the easy availability and widespread use of the highly mobile and portable devices such as laptop, sensor devices, PDAs etc, the mobile ad hoc networks are receiving increasing attention as there is a growing need for connectivity between these devices in real time, without the help of any fixed infrastructure. In MANET, the nodes communicate with each other using multi-hop communication system. The nodes and routers are free to move within the network and it is a difficult task to maintain the network topology as it changes randomly and unpredictably. Therefore, in mobile domain, establishing suitable and effective paths between the communicating end points while satisfying the time varying QOS requirements for wide variety of applications, has become a big challenge now. In this paper, we have presented a new on demand QOS routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc network with the concept of Ant Colony Optimization. This algorithm is based on swarm intelligence. It is inspired by the behaviour of the biological ants of finding optimal route to the food source in a collective but decentralized manner. With the introduction of new quality of service parameters like link stability time and available buffer size in the context of ant colony system, this algorithm provides effective routes for end to end communication.

Multi-objective optimization technique for resource allocation and task scheduling in vehicular cloud architecture

With onset of Intelligent Transport Systems, vehicles are equipped with internet enabled powerful computation units that provide smart driving assistance, along with various infotainment applications. These applications require web assistance and high computation power, which cannot be executed by standalone onboard units of the smart vehicles. Third party infrastructures like centralized cloud and cloudlets are introduced, to meet the requirement for such vehicular, web based, resource hungry applications. Offloading jobs to centralized cloud, exhausts network bandwidth and causes network delay, whereas frequent offloading to cloudlet results in resource starvation due to limited cloudlet resources. These problems lead to the introduction of Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) where the onboard units of several local smart vehicles collectively form a cloud. The concept of multi layered cloud brings centralized cloud, cloudlet and vehicular cloud together to coexist and provide on demand services to mobile and vehicular users. In this work, a three tier architecture is proposed consisting of vehicular cloud, roadside cloudlet and centralized cloud. We have developed an optimized resource allocation and task scheduling algorithm to efficiently serve huge number of task requests arriving from on road users, while maintaining improved Quality of Service. These task requests are optimally mapped to cloud resources among the three cloud layers. The optimization process is carried out using the proposed Hybrid Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (HAPSO) algorithm which is a combination of Genetic Algorithm and Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization. Further the proposed model is simulated using SUMO 0.30.0, NS 3.26 and MATLAB R2014a. The results show that for this problem domain, HAPSO converges faster than Standard Particle Swarm Optimization and Self Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization with ~98.92% reduction in mean square error. The results also show ~34% improvement in task response time and reduced energy consumption upto ~32.5%.

IWDRA: An Intelligent Water Drop Based QoS-Aware Routing Algorithm for MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc network operates with no pre-setup infrastructure and is one of the most active research areas. In this kind of network mobile nodes are completely independent, self managed and they are highly dynamic in nature. Therefore, traditional routing cannot work properly in this environment. Besides this, Quality of Service (QoS) of the network is very important for real time and multimedia applications for providing better throughput. But providing QoS in routing is a challenging task. Thus in this paper we introduce a novel QoS aware multipath routing algorithm IWDRA, which is based on Intelligent Water Drop (IWD) algorithm and here packets follow the basic IWD properties among neighbor nodes. It provides better QoS of network which will increase network lifetime, network stability, packet delivery rate and it is also a highly adaptive routing which will support dynamic topology like MANET.