Kreg Lindberg

Modeling resident attitudes toward tourism

Abstract Numerous analyses have been performed to identify resident attitudes toward tourism. This article extends the subject by introducing a broad, synthetic conceptual model of attitudes. Using data from a survey, two sets of specific models derived from this general one are evaluated using structural equation modeling (e.g., LISREL). The value-attitude models indicate that the strength of resident values regarding economic gain better predict attitudes than do values regarding disruption within the community. The expectancy-value models indicate that perceived economic and congestion impacts have greater effect on attitudes than do perceived crime and aesthetic impacts. The data support the hypothesis that demographic variables affect attitudes indirectly through values.

Ecotourism Questioned: Case studies from Belize

Abstract Ecotourism has become a buzzword within the tourism, conservation and rural development fields. Significant economic and political resources have been devoted to ecotourism on the assumption that it achieves conservation and development objectives. This article evaluates the extent to which tourism at case study sites in Belize achieves three ecotourism objectives: generation of financial support for protected area management, generation of local economic benefits and generation of local support for conservation. When using positive net financial impact as a standard, tourism does not achieve the first objective, but could do so with implementation of a modest user fee. Tourism achieves the second and third objectives. The methodologies utilized are presented to encourage their refinement and application elsewhere.

Resident tradeoffs: A choice modeling approach

Abstract The perceived impacts of tourism on host communities, and associated resident attitudes toward tourism, is an important research issue. This study uses choice modeling to identify the tradeoffs residents are willing to make with respect to tourisms impacts. This allows estimation of the probability that residents will support a tourism project or development path that generates specified impacts, as well as estimation of the changes in economic value associated with such impacts. Application in the municipality of Allinge-Gudhjem in Denmark generated a mean economic value estimate of 343 kroner for a sample development scenario involving 30 new jobs, 100 additional cars on the road, a 10% increase in rubbish, and a tax reduction of 2,000 kroner.

THE ECONOMIC VALUES OF TOURISM'S SOCIAL IMPACTS

Abstract The identification and management of tourisms actual and perceived social impacts in destination communities has recently received significant attention. Research has enhanced the understanding of these impacts and their incorporation into tourism policy. The contingent valuation (CV) method is presented as a technique for furthering this understanding and incorporation. By measuring selected social impacts in an economic metric, CV facilitates benefit-cost analysis of mitigation projects and contributes to integrated analysis of tourisms diverse impacts. Results from a CV application in Oregon (USA) communities indicate a mean annual household willingness-to-pay of

A critique of environmental carrying capacity as a means of managing the effects of tourism development

110 (policy model) to

Policies for maximizing nature tourism's ecological and economic benefits

186 (commodity model) to reduce tourism-related traffic congestion. Results for mitigation of noise and provision of lowincome housing are also presented.

Rethinking carrying capacity

In their paper on environmental carrying capacity, Brown et al. (1997) describe some of the negative impacts of tourism development and propose the carrying capacity framework for addressing these impacts. Though we agree that these impacts should be addressed, we feel that the carrying capacity approach is inadequate for the task in most situations. An examination of the steps that are necessary for establishing a carrying capacity illustrates why this is the case (further discussion is provided in Lindberg et al. 1997).