Kristina Ryberg

Contact allergy to textile dyes in southern Sweden

Contact allergy to disperse dyes in textiles is documented in prevalence studies from southern Europe. To evaluate the prevalence of allergic patch test reactions to different textile dyes in southern Sweden, and to look at the sites of dermatitis in individuals hypersensitive to textile dyes, we retrospectively investigated 3325 consecutively patch‐tested patients. They had all been patch tested with the standard test series supplemented with a textile dye mix (TDM) consisting of 8 disperse dyes, i.e. Disperse (D) Blue 35, 106 and 124, D Yellow 3, D Orange 1 and 3 and D Red 1 and 17. All but 3 of the TDM‐positive patients were additionally tested with the separate dyes included in the mix. The frequency of contact allergy to TDM was 1.5%, which is comparable with studies from southern Europe. The most common dye allergen was D Orange 1. The high prevalence of allergic reactions to D Orange 1 was unexpected, whereas test reactions to D Blue 106 and 124 were lower than expected from other studies. Compared to all tested patients, the TDM‐positive patients more often had dermatitis on their arms, face, neck and axillary folds, and women also had a higher frequency of hand dermatitis.

Chemical investigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparations

Background:u2002 Contact allergy to textile dyes is not uncommon. The allergy is detected by patch testing patients with commercial patch test preparations.

Is contact allergy to disperse dyes and related substances associated with textile dermatitis

Backgroundu2002 Disperse dyes (DDs) are the most common sensitizers among textile dyes, but there is little knowledge of the clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions.

Recommendation to include a textile dye mix in the European baseline series.

Disperse dyes are common sensitizers, but are not currently included in the European baseline series.

Patch testing of patients allergic to Disperse Blue 106 and Disperse Blue 124 with thin‐layer chromatograms and purified dyes

Background:u2002 Former investigations have demonstrated that patch test preparations containing Disperse Blue (DB) 106 and DB 124 are impure.

Are allergenic disperse dyes used for dyeing textiles

Background. There are no data showing that disperse dyes, used to patch test patients, are currently being used for dyeing synthetic garments. It is unknown whether disperse dyes, which are currently routinely patch tested, are in fact present in synthetic textiles on the market.

Patch Testing with a Textile Dye Mix in a Baseline Series in Two Countries

Disperse dyes are the most common contact sensitizers among textile dyes. The main aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of patch testing with a textile dye mix 6.6%. A total of 2,049 patients from Sweden and 497 from Belgium were tested with the mix, consisting of Disperse (D) Blue 35, D Yellow 3, D Orange 1 and 3, D Red 1 and 17, 1.0% each, and D Blue 106 and D Blue 124, 0.3% each. Of the total number, 65 patients, 2.6%, tested positively to the mix, 4.2% of the Belgian patients and 2.1% of the Swedish patients. Patch testing with the mix 6.6% revealed significantly more patients with contact allergy compared with testing with a previous mix 3.2% (p < 0.01). Contact allergy to the mix was significantly more common in the Belgian than in the Swedish patients.

Patch testing with a textile dye mix – a multicentre study

Disperse dyes are well‐known contact sensitizers. However, they are not included in the majority of commercially available baseline patch test series.

Sensitizing capacity of Disperse Orange 1 and its potential metabolites from azo reduction and their cross-reactivity pattern.

Simultaneous contact allergies to Disperse Orange 1, 4‐nitroaniline and p‐aminodiphenylamine (PADPA), as well as to other disperse azo dyes and to p‐phenylenediamine (PPD), have been reported. Cross‐reactivity is one of the possible explanations for simultaneous reactions between PPD and disperse azo dyes. Some metabolites from the azo reduction of these disperse azo dyes could be sensitizers, as human skin bacteria produce azo reductases.

Textile Dyes Disperse Orange 1 and Yellow 3 Contain More Than One Allergen As Shown by Patch Testing with Thin-Layer Chromatograms

Background: It is known that some patch‐test preparations containing disperse dyes contain impurities with unknown relevance for the development or elicitation of contact allergy. Objective: To evaluate the significance of the impurities found in the commercial dyes Disperse Orange 1 (DO1) and Disperse Yellow 3 (DY3) regarding contact allergy in patients with known sensitivity to them. Methods: Ten patients allergic to DY3 and/or DO1 were tested with a dilution series of commercial and purified DY3 and DO1 (with water‐soluble parts prepared from the commercial dyes) and with naphthalene sulfonate. Nine patients were additionally tested with thin‐layer chromatograms (TLCs) made from the commercial DO1 and DY3 and with paper chromatograms made from the water‐soluble part of these dyes. Results: Eight of nine and three of six patients tested positively to the TLCs of DO1 and DY3, respectively. Among them, 4 of 8 and 2 of 3 patients, respectively, were positive also to another spot on the TLCs. One patient was positive to the paper chromatogram from the water‐soluble part of DO1. None of the tested patients reacted to naphthalene sulfonate. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that there are more relevant allergens in the fat‐soluble and water‐soluble fractions of the commercial disperse dyes.