Kritapon Sommart

Development of methane conversion factor models for Zebu beef cattle fed low‐quality crop residues and by‐products in tropical regions

Abstract The enteric methane conversion factor (Y m) is an important country‐specific value for the provision of precise enteric methane emissions inventory reports. The objectives of this meta‐analysis were to develop and evaluate the empirical Y m models for the national level and the farm level for tropical developing countries according to the IPCCs categorization. We used datasets derived from 18 in vivo feeding experiments from 1999 to 2015 of Zebu beef cattle breeds fed low‐quality crop residues and by‐products. We found that the observed Y m value was 8.2% gross energy (GE) intake (~120 g methane emission head−1 day−1) and ranged from 4.8% to 13.7% GE intake. The IPCC default model (tier 2, Y m = 6.5% ± 1.0% GE intake) underestimated the Y m values by up to 26.1% compared with its refinement of 8.4% ± 0.4% GE intake for the national‐level estimate. Both the IPCC default model and the refined model performed worse in predicting Y m trends at the farm level (root mean square prediction error [MSPE] = 15.1%–23.1%, concordance correlation coefficient [CCC] = 0.16–0.18, R 2 = .32). Seven of the extant Y m models based on a linear regression approach also showed inaccurately estimated Y m values (root MSPE = 16.2%–36.0%, CCC = 0.02–0.27, R 2 < .37). However, one of the developed models, which related to the complexity of the energy use efficiencies of the diet consumed to Y m, showed adequate accuracy at the farm level (root MSPE = 9.1%, CCC = 0.75, R 2 = .67). Our results thus suggest a new Y m model and future challenges for estimating Zebu beef cattle production in tropical developing countries.

Feed intake, digestibility and energy partitioning in beef cattle fed diets with cassava pulp instead of rice straw

Objective This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing rice straw with different proportions of cassava pulp on growth performance, feed intake, digestibility, rumen microbial population, energy partitioning and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization in beef cattle. Methods Eighteen yearling Thai native beef cattle (Bos indicus) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 98.3±12.8 kg were allocated to one of three dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 149 days in a randomized complete block design. Three dietary treatments using different proportions of cassava pulp (100, 300, and 500 g/kg dry matter basis) instead of rice straw as a base in a fermented total mixed ration were applied. Animals were placed in a metabolic pen equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to determine total digestibility and energy balance. Results The average daily weight gain, digestible intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrate, total protozoa, energy intake, energy retention and energy efficiency increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing proportion of cassava pulp in the diet, whereas the three main types of fibrolytic bacteria and energy excretion in the urine (p<0.05) decreased. The metabolizable energy requirement for the maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle, determined by a linear regression analysis, was 399 kJ/kg BW0.75, with an efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth of 0.86. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of cassava pulp up to 500 g/kg of dry matter as a base in a fermented total mixed ration is an effective strategy for improving productivity in zebu cattle.

Enteric methane emissions, energy partitioning, and energetic efficiency of zebu beef cattle fed total mixed ration silage

Objective The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different feeding levels of a total mixed ration silage-based diet on feed intake, total tract digestion, enteric methane emissions, and energy partitioning in two beef cattle genotypes. Methods Six mature bulls (three Thai natives, and three Thai natives - Charolais crossbreeds) were assigned in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design, with cattle breed genotype in separate squares, three periods of 21 days, and three energy feeding above maintenance levels (1.1, 1.5, and 2.0 MEm, where MEm is metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance). Bulls were placed in a metabolic cage equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to evaluate digestibility, record respiration gases, and determine energy balance. Results Increasing the feeding level had no significant effect on digestibility but drastically reduced the enteric methane emission rate (p<0.05). Increasing the feeding level also significantly increased the energy retention and utilization efficiency (p<0.01). The Thai native cattle had greater enteric methane emission rate, digestibility, and energy utilization efficiency than the Charolais crossbred cattle (p<0.05). The daily metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance in Thai native cattle (388 kJ/kg BW0.75, where BW0.75 is metabolic body weight) was 15% less than that in Charolais crossbred cattle (444 kJ/kg BW0.75). Conclusion Our results suggested that the greater feeding level in zebu beef cattle fed above maintenance levels resulted in improved energy retention and utilization efficiency because of the reduction in enteric methane energy loss. The results also indicated higher efficiency of metabolisable energy utilization for growth and a lower energy requirement for maintenance in Bos indicus than in Bos taurus.