Kumar Jayant

Richter Type of Incarcerated Obturator Hernia; Misery Still Continues

Obturator hernia is a rare type of hernia which accounts for only 0.07-1.4% of all intra-abdominal hernias and 0.2-5.8% of small-intestinal obstructions. It develops predominantly in elderly underweight women. It has nonspecific early symptoms, so these hernias are usually discovered only after they have become incarcerated. Incarcerated obturator hernias are usually discovered on abdominal computed tomography scan or emergency surgery due to bowel obstruction. Here we present a case of a 65-year-old female who presented with intermittent abdominal pain, distension and nausea for last 3 days. She was a known case of hypothyroidism, taking Levothyroxine in inadequate dose. Her intial abdominal Xray was showing few air-fluid level with air present in rectum. She was initially managed conservatively but later developed features of peritonitis for which she was operated. In laparotomy, Richter type of right-sided incarcerated obturator hernia was discovered with a small necrotic area and perforation of small bowel. Bowel resection was performed and obturator hernia was closed with interrupted sutures. The patient recovered without complications. Obturator hernia, due to its rarity and nonspecific early symptoms, can still be misleading even to the most experienced clinicians. Delay in diagnosis of obturator hernia can lead to bowel necrosis and perforation with significant postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Rare Adrenal Gland Emergencies: A Case Series of Giant Myelolipoma Presenting With Massive Hemorrhage and Abscess

Introduction: Adrenal Myelolipoma is a rare benign neoplasm, which contains mature adipose tissue and variable amounts of haematopoietic elements. Most lesions are small and asymptomatic, discovered incidentally during autopsy or imaging studies performed for other reasons. Case Presentation: Here we reported a series of two cases of giant myelolipomas of the adrenal gland; first one the largest tumor reported so far presented with massive hemorrhage and the second case introduced with its rare unreported presentation of adrenal myelolipomas i.e. a large abscess. Discussion: Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare and asymptomatic tumor usually discovered incidentally in less than 1% of population on autopsy or imaging performed for other reasons. There is an increasing incidence of large adrenal myelolipoma (> 10 cm) presenting with life threatening and recurrent retroperitoneal hemorrhage along with other complications as abscess. To avoid such a life-threatening situation, authors recommend close monitoring and consideration of urgent surgical intervention for tumors larger than 4 cm at presentation or increase in size or change in appearance during follow-up.

The Role of Normothermic Perfusion in Liver Transplantation (TRaNsIT Study): A Systematic Review of Preliminary Studies

Introduction The success of liver transplantation has been limited by the unavailability of suitable donor livers. The current organ preservation technique, i.e., static cold storage (SCS), is not suitable for marginal organs. Alternatively, normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) promises to recreate the physiological environment and hence holds promise for the better organ preservation. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the safety, benefits, and insight into the other potential useful parameters of NMP in the liver preservation. Material and Methods We searched the current literature following registration in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number CRD42018086034 for prospective trials comparing the role of NMP device to SCS in liver transplant by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, BIOSIS, Crossref, and Scopus databases and clinical trial registry. Results The literature search identified five prospective clinical trials (four being early phase single institutional and single randomized multi-institutional) comparing 187 donor livers on NMP device to 273 donor livers on SCS. The primary outcome of interest was to assess the safety and graft survival at day 30 after transplant following NMP of the donor liver. Secondary outcomes included were early allograft dysfunction (EAD) in the first seven days; serum measures of liver functions as bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and international normalized ratio (INR) on days 1–7; major complications as defined by a Clavien-Dindo score ≥ 3; and patient and graft survival and biliary complications at six months. The peaked median AST level between days 1 and 7 in the five trials was 417–1252u2009U/L (range 84–15009u2009U/L) while on NMP and 839–1474u2009U/L (range 153–8786u2009U/L) in SCS group. The median bilirubin level on day 7 ranged within 25–79u2009µmol/L (range 8–344u2009µmol/l) and 30–47.53u2009µmol/l (range 9–340u2009µmol/l) in NMP and SCS groups, respectively. A single case of PNF was reported in NMP group in the randomized trial while none of the other preliminary studies reported any in either group. There was intertrial variability in EAD which ranged within 15–56% in NMP group while being within 23–37% in SCS group. Biliary complications observed in NMP group ranged from 0 to 20%. Single device malfunction was reported in randomized controlled trial leading to renouncement of transplant while none of the other trials reported any machine failure, although two user related device errors inadvertent were reported. Conclusion This review outlines that NMP not only demonstrated safety and efficacy but also provided the favourable environment of organ preservation, repair, and viability assessment to donor liver prior to the transplantation with low rate of posttransplantation complication as PNF, EAD, and biliary complication; however further studies are needed to broaden our horizon.

The journey of radiofrequency-assisted liver resection

Please cite this article in press as: I. Reccia doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2018.01.004 Due to its high propensity for significant bleeding, the liver has historically been considered a treacherous organ on which to carry out surgery. The first patient reported to have undergone liver resection by Dr A Lius in Italy in 1886 died 6 hours postoperatively due to bleeding. In 1957, Claude Couinaud, a French surgeonwhowas also a dedicated liver anatomist, named the liver segments in a concentric way from segment 1 to segment 8 based on central Paris arrondissements [1]. Whether this is true or just an appealing myth, Couinaud was the first one to describe the segmental anatomy of the liver and introduced the concept of modern liver surgery based on the functional and surgical anatomy of the liver [2]. Only a few decades later, the “anatomical approach” for liver resection was translated into practice by Henri Bismuth, when he applied the knowledge of liver segmental anatomy to the liver resection technique to avoid complications, in particular uncontrolled hemorrhage, when performing non-anatomical liver resection [3]. The parenchymal transection phase of liver resection has always been a critical step. Several techniques to reduce intraoperative bleeding and liver-related complications have been developed, including inflow control (Pringles maneuver) [4], Makuuchis intermittent hemihepatic inflow occlusion [5] and other selective inflow clamping techniques [6], Glissonean pedicle approach [7], Belghitis technique for hepatic vein occlusion [8], total vascular exclusion [9], and the use of low central venous pressure during surgery [10]. After Bismuth, anatomical liver resection gained popularity in view of better outcomes, reduced blood loss and benefits of liver parenchyma preservation. Subsequently, with improvement in intraoperative ultrasound and surgical technique, segmental and subsegmental resections became the gold standard for liver resection, particularly for hepatocellular carcinoma [11e13]. For colorectal cancer liver metastases, the introduction of more effective chemotherapeutic agents, the expansion of criteria for resectability, the introduction of volume augmentation techniques (portal vein embolization, two-stage hepatectomies), the combination of resection with ablation, and the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to decrease tumour volume have all contributed to a significant increase in the number of patients with secondary liver tumors undergoing surgery [14]. In these patients, non-anatomical, parenchymal-sparing resection is now considered a comparable technique to anatomical resection with achievement of similar oncological outcomes [15]. Energy-based devices generate mechanic or electric energy to allow transection of the liver parenchyma and/or sealing of blood vessels and bile ducts during liver resection [16]. Different devices have been developed but no consensus exits in regards to standard

A Case Series & Review of Literature of Angiomyolipoma with Medical & Surgical Perspective

The angiomyolipoma of renal origin is a rare benign tumour composed of fat cells, smooth muscle cells, and thick-wall blood vessels. Mostly these are sporadic origin, asymptomatic and benign in nature. Here we present two cases of Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) presenting as fever, pain, perirenal haematoma & frank haematuria. After initial stabilization, evaluated by contrast enhanced computer tomography (CECT) & diagnosed as renal angiomyolipoma because of low Hounsfield areas (10-20HU) suggestive for fat. Patient later underwent angiography with selective angioembolisation. Post intervention period was uneventful and was treated by an oral Everolimus 10 mg daily for a period of one year in first case & partial resection was done in second case. On two year follow-up both patients were doing well & had normal renal function without any recurrence. Embolisation is the emergency treatment of choice for bleeding angiomyolipoma. When preventive treatment is considered a nephron sparing approach by either transarterial embolisation or partial nephrectomy is clearly important. While angiomyolipoma in both kidneys or in solitary functioning kidneys, renal preservation is mandatory in order to avoid need for renal replacement therapy. Also, recently approved drug Everolimus may be considered for patients not suitable for surgery particularly in tumour seen with tuberous sclerosis.

An unusual case of metastatic male breast cancer to the nasopharynx—review of literature

Metastatic breast carcinoma has been described to the various areas in the head and neck region. However, these metastases are rarely found in nasopharynx. Herein we are presenting the first case of male breast carcinoma with the longest survival secondary to distant metastases in right maxillary sinus and extending to the nasopharynx with extensive skeletal & lung metastases. Here we present a case of 65-year-old male with past medical history of right breast carcinoma, presented clinically with symptoms of recurrent sinusitis. Physical examination revealed a mass in the nasopharynx, which subsequently proved to be hormonal receptor positive high-grade adenocarcinoma secondary to metastasis of primary breast cancer on biopsy. The patient received three cycles of palliative chemotherapy based on Doxorubicin with Paclitaxel weekly. In spite of that, he developed pulmonary, liver and bone metastases. Later, treatment regimen was changed to Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel and injectable Zolendronate with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Still he didnt show any improvement and later, he developed febrile neutropenia. Then, he refused further chemotherapy and died after 12 months of receiving the best hospice care. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in terms of incidence and mortality; breast cancer deserves extensive studies and research in different aspects. Breast cancer metastasizing to nasopharynx would be the last diagnosis that comes to mind for a male patient presenting with clinical features suggestive of recurrent sinusitis infection. As recurrent sinusitis is a very common ailment affecting human kind and is mostly due to benign causes. Metastasis, although rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis of nasopharyngeal lesion since it may clinically mimic a benign neoplasm or primary carcinoma. Based on our clinical experience and review of literature, although it is a very rare possibility in a patient with sinusitis, still we advise not to overlook any symptoms suggestive of the etiology of recurrent sinusitis.

Role of crossmatch testing when Luminex-SAB is negativein renal transplantation

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays an important role in the acceptance of renal graft. Long and better graft survival has been reported in patients with HLA-identical siblings and a nonreactive cytotoxicity assay (CDC). New methods of HLA-typing and anti-HLA antibody detection techniques such as flow cytometry, solid-phase immunoassays, or antigen bead assays have further improved the outcomes of renal transplant recipients. In the present review, the explicit details of these methodologies are discussed in detail.

Study to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of radiofrequency ablation compared to surgical resection for liver cancer

Introduction: Hepatic cancer is a highly lethal tumour with increasing worldwide incidence. These tumours are characterized by the proliferation of malignant cells, generalised immunosuppression and chronic inflammation marked with an increase in inflammatory markers as a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and overexpression of CD4+CD39+ on T lymphocytes. The studies have outlined immunomodulatory changes in liver cancer patients as the plausible explanation for the better survival. The aim of this pilot study was understand the possible immunomodulatory effect of radiofrequency (RF) energy and liver resection (non-radiofrequency based devices; non-RF device) in relation to NLR, PLR and expression of CD4+CD39+ T lymphocytes and compare the magnitude of these changes. Material and Methods: In the present study, 17 patients with hepatic cancer were prospectively divided into treatment groups radiofrequency ablation (RFA group) and Liver resection using non-RF devices (LR group). A blood sample was collected from each patient, one month before and after the procedure and compared with the blood samples of age-matched healthy volunteers for group wise comparison. The Mann-Whitney U test, Mc Nemar test and Wilcoxon rank test were used for statistical comparisons as appropriate. Results: A decrease in NLR was reported after RFA from 4.7±3.3 to 3.8±1.8 (P=0.283), in contrary to an increase from 3.5±2.8 to 4.5±3.2 (P=0.183) in LR group. Likewise, a decrease was discerned in PLR following RFA from 140.5±79.5 to 137±69.2 respectively (P=0.386) and increase in the LR group from 116±42.2 to 120.8±29 respectively (P=0.391). A significant decrease in CD4+CD39+ lymphocytes from 55.8±13.8 to 24.6±21.1 (P=0.03) was observed in RFA group whilst a significant increase was reported in LR group from 47.6±8.8 to 55.7±33.2 (P=0.38). Conclusion: Studies have shown that decrease in the NLR, PLR and expression of CD4+CD39+ on T lymphocytes as the marker of better survival in hepatic cancer patients and our findings have confirmed that these changes can be induced following application of RF energy. Moreover, this could be the explanation of better survival observed in different studies using RFA or other RF-based devices in comparison to non-RF based liver resection techniques. However, further larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Normothermic ex-vivo liver perfusion: where do we stand and where to reach?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays liver transplantation is considered as the treatment of choice, however, the scarcity of suitable donor organs limits the delivery of care to the end-stage liver disease patients leading to the death while on the waiting list. The advent of ex-situ normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has emerged as an alternative to the standard organ preservation technique, static cold storage (SCS). The newer technique promises to not only restore the normal metabolic activity but also attempt to recondition the marginal livers back to the pristine state, which are otherwise more susceptible to ischemic injury and foster the poor post-transplant outcomes. Areas covered: An extensive search of all the published literature describing the role of NMP based device in liver transplantation as an alternative to SCS was made on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, BIOSIS, Crossref, Scopus databases and clinical trial registry on 10 May 2018. Expert commentary: The main tenet of NMP is the establishment of the physiological milieu, which permits aerobic metabolism to continue through out the period of preservation and limits the effects of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In addition, by assessing the various metabolic and synthetic parameters the viability and suitability of donor livers for transplantation can be determined. This important technological advancement has scored satisfactorily on the safety and efficacy parameters in preliminary clinical studies. The present review suggests that NMP can offer the opportunity to assess and safely utilize the marginal donor livers if deemed appropriate for the transplantation. However, ongoing trials will determine its full potential and further adoption.

Impact of cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) and bipolar radiofrequency device (Habib-4X) based hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma on tumour recurrence and disease-free survival

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncological outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing liver resection using cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) or radiofrequency (RF) based device Habib-4X.u2028 Study Design We prospectively analyzed the data of 280 patients who underwent liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma at our institution from 2010–2012 with follow up till August 2016. The CUSA was used in the 163 patients whilst Habib-4X in 117 patients. The end points of analysis were oncological outcomes as disease recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method, which has been compared with all other existing literature on the survival study. Results Compared with CUSA the reported incidence of recurrence was significantly lower, in Habib-4X group; p < 0.01. The median DFS was significantly better in Habib-4X group than CUSA group (50.80 vs 45.87 months, p = 0.03). The median OS was better in Habib-4X group than CUSA group (60.57 vs 57.17 months, p = 0.12) though the lesser difference in OS between the groups might be explained by the use of palliative therapies as TACE, percutaneous RFA, etc. in case of recurrence. Conclusions RF based device Habib-4X, is safe and effective device for resection of hepatocellular carcinoma, in comparison to CUSA with better oncological outcomes, i.e., significantly lesser tumour recurrence and better DFS. This could be explained on the basis of systemic and local immunomodulatory effect involving induction of kupffer cells and effector CD-8 T cells that help in minimizing postoperative complications and bring more advantageous oncological outcomes.