Kunming Qi

Busulfan and cyclosphamide induce liver inflammation through NLRP3 activation in mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome on BU/CY-induced liver inflammation in mice after HSCT. HSCT mice model was established through infusion of 5 × 106 bone marrow mononuclear cells after conditioned with BU/CY. On day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HSCT, mice were sacrificed for analysis of liver inflammation, cytokine secretion, NLRP3 expression and caspase-1 activation as well as release of ATP and high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Furthermore, NLRP3 selective inhibitor (BAY 11-7082) was administrated into mice after HSCT to evaluate its effects on liver inflammation. Severe liver inflammation and damage with elevated secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 were found in mice after HSCT. Meanwhile, elevated expressions of NLRP3 and caspase-1 activation in liver were found. In addition, increased release of ATP and HMGB1 were observed. Selective inhibition of NLRP3 decreased caspase-1 activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Furthermore, NLRP3 inhibition also reduced infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and improved liver function. In conclusion, NLRP3 was involved in BU/CY-induced liver inflammation after HSCT and selectively inhibited it ameliorated liver inflammation and improved liver function, suggesting targeting NLRP3 might be a new approach in the prophylaxis of liver inflammation after HSCT.

Infusion of endothelial progenitor cells ameliorates liver injury in mice after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Injury to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is thought to be the initial factor for Hepatic veno‐occlusive disease, a severe complication after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into endothelial cells and play a critical role in vasculogenesis, tissue regeneration and repair. Whether EPCs infusion ameliorates LSECs injury remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EPCs on liver injury in mice after HSCT.

Long non‐coding RNAs expression profiles in hepatocytes of mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hepatic veno‐occlusive disease (HVOD), one serious complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), is mainly initiated by the damage to sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the proliferation of hepatocytes and liver regeneration. lncRNAs profile in hepatocytes post‐HSCT remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the profile of lncRNAs in hepatocytes of mice after HSCT. Mice HSCT model was established through infusion of 5 × 106 bone marrow mononuclear cells. On day 7, 14 and 33 after HSCT, mice were sacrificed for analysis of liver pathology, function and index. Total RNA was extracted from hepatocytes of mice on day 14 for microarray analysis of the expression profiles of lncRNAs by Arraystar Mouse lncRNA Microarray v2.0. Obvious edema and spotty necrosis of hepatocytes with inflammatory cells infiltration were observed post‐HSCT. Meanwhile, increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin, as well as elevated liver index were also found. 2,918 up‐regulated and 1,911 down‐regulated lncRNAs in hepatocytes were identified. Some of differentially expressed mRNAs had adjacent lncRNAs that were also significantly dysregulated, with the same dysregulation direction. T‐cell receptor (up‐regulation) and VEGF signaling pathway (down‐regulation) were identified as one of the most enriched pathways. Dysregulated lncRNAs might be involved in hepatocytes damage after HSCT, suggesting targeting them might be a novel approach in amelioration of hepatocytes damage.

Busulfan Triggers Intrinsic Mitochondrial-Dependent Platelet Apoptosis Independent of Platelet Activation

As a nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent, busulfan has been widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated busulfan-induced cell apoptosis. Whether busulfan triggers platelet apoptosis remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the role of busulfan in platelet apoptosis. Isolated human platelets were incubated with busulfan followed by analysis of platelet apoptosis by flow cytometry or western blot, including mitochondrial depolarization, expression of Bcl-2, and Bax and caspase 3 activation. Meanwhile, platelet activation, expression of glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα), glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and IIb3 and platelet aggregation in response to collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were measured. Additionally, busulfan was injected into mice with or without administration of caspase inhibitor QVD-Oph to investigate its effect on platelet lifespan. Our results showed that busulfan-treated platelets displayed increased mitochondrial membrane depolarization, decreased expression of Bcl-2, increased expression of Bax and caspase 3 activation in dose-dependent manner, which were inhibited by QVD-Oph. Platelet activation was not observed in busulfan-treated platelets as showed by no increased P-selectin expression and PAC-1 binding. However, busulfan reduced collagen- or ADP-induced platelet aggregation without affecting expression of GPIbα, GPVI, and IIb3. Furthermore, busulfan reduced circulating platelet lifespan which was ameliorated by QVD-Oph in mice. In conclusion, busulfan triggers mitochondrial-dependent platelet apoptosis and reduces platelet lifespan in mice. These data suggest targeting caspase activation might be beneficial in the prophylaxis of platelet apoptosis-associated thrombocytopenia after administration of busulfan.

Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Normalization of Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction in an Intestinal Graft-Versus-Host Disease Mouse Model.

BACKGROUND With the development of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and intensive research on acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), selecting the best reference gene for normalization of RT-qPCR analysis in a GVHD model becomes more and more important. In this study, we aimed to identify suitable reference genes for mRNA studies in an intestinal GVHD mouse model after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). METHODS BALB/c recipients received 7.5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) followed by injection of 5 × 10(6) bone marrow cells, without infusion of spleen cells for BMT, with infusion of 5 × 10(5) or 2.5 × 10(6) spleen cells for mild or moderate GVHD, respectively. Healthy mice were chosen as normal control subjects. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and small intestine were collected at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after transplantation. Transcription levels of 9 candidate genes, B2M, SDHA, HPRT, ACTB, GAPDH, HMBS, TBP, YWHAZ, and RPLP0, in each tissue were measured with the use of RT-qPCR. Combined data from these tissues in each group were defined as all samples. The expression stability of these genes was analyzed with the use of Genorm, Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and ΔCt. RESULTS Our results showed that in all samples, ACTB and HMBS displayed the highest and lowest expression levels, respectively. Genorm identified HRPT and SDHA as the most stable reference genes, whereas Normfinder and ΔCt method showed HPRT as the most stably expressed gene. Bestkeeper ranked YWHAZ and HPRT as the top 2 most suitable genes. In conclusion, HPRT was recommended as the most suitable reference gene after comprehensive ranking, suggesting that it could be used as an internal control for mRNA studies in intestinal GVHD after BMT.

Decreased level of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in patients with acute immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

INTRODUCTION Previously, we demonstrated the importance of T-cell immune response cDNA 7 (TIRC7) in acute immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). As the downstream molecule of TIRC7, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has been verified its negative regulation of acute ITP. This study aimed to investigate the exact role of CTLA-4 and its relationship with TIRC7 in acute ITP. PATIENTS AND METHODS 37 patients with acute ITP were enrolled and received dexamethasone (40mg/day) for 4 consecutive days. Patients who had platelet counts more than 50×10(9)/L or less were defined as responders or non-responders after treatment. The plasma, protein and mRNA levels of CTLA-4 and TIRC7 were monitored by ELISA, western blot and q-PCR, respectively. RESULTS After high-dose dexamethasone therapy, CTLA-4 levels were significantly elevated not only in acute ITP patients (P<0.001; P<0.0001) but also in acute ITP responders (P<0.0001; P<0.0001). The levels of CTLA-4 were negatively correlated with the levels of TIRC7 before and after treatment; IFN-γ (Th1), IL-17 (Th17) and IL-22 (Th22) levels were all elevated, which were decreased after treatment not only in patients with acute ITP (P<0.01) but also in acute ITP responders (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS CTLA-4 level might reflect treatment efficacy and it might be associated with the pathogenesis of acute ITP.

NLRP3 regulates platelet integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling, hemostasis and arterial thrombosis

In addition to their hemostatic function, platelets play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response. The platelet NLRP3 inflammasome not only promotes interleukin-1β secretion, but was also found to be upregulated during platelet activation and thrombus formation in vitro. However, the role of NLRP3 in platelet function and thrombus formation in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of NLRP3 in platelet integrin αIIbβ3 signaling transduction. Using NLRP3−/− mice, we showed that NLRP3-deficient platelets do not have significant differences in expression of the platelet-specific adhesive receptors αIIbβ3 integrin, GPIba or GPVI; however, NLRP3−/− platelets transfused into wild-type mice resulted in prolonged tail-bleeding time and delayed arterial thrombus formation, as well as exhibiting impaired spreading on immobilized fibrinogen and defective clot retraction, concomitant with decreased phosphorylation of c-Src, Syk and PLCγ2 in response to thrombin stimulation. Interestingly, addition of exogenous recombinant interleukin-1β reversed the defect in NLRP3−/− platelet spreading and clot retraction, and restored thrombin-induced phosphorylation of c-Src/Syk/PLCγ2, whereas an anti-interleukin-1β antibody blocked spreading and clot retraction mediated by wild-type platelets. Using the direct NLRP3 inhibitor, CY-09, we demonstrated significantly reduced human platelet aggregation in response to threshold concentrations of collagen and ADP, as well as impaired clot retraction in CY-09-treated human platelets, supporting a role for NLRP3 also in regulating human platelet αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. This study identifies a novel role for NLRP3 and interleukin-1β in platelet function, and provides a new potential link between thrombosis and inflammation, suggesting that therapies targeting NLRP3 or interleukin-1β might be beneficial for treating inflammation-associated thrombosis.

An increased expression profile of Th9/IL-9 correlated with Th17/IL-17 in patients with immune thrombocytopenia

Abstract Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease, characterized by dysregulation of cellular immunity. Th9 cells were recently identified as a new subtype of Th cells, characterized by preferential production of IL-9. Given the pleiotropic function of IL-9, Th9 cells are demonstrated to be involved in various autoimmune diseases. However, whether Th9 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ITP remains unclear. In this study, 49 active ITP patients, 39 ITP with remission and 20 healthy controls were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from ITP and controls for measuring Th9 and Th17 cells by flow cytometry. Meanwhile, RNA was isolated from PBMCs for the measurement of the mRNA level of PU.1, IRF4, BATF, and RORγt by quantitative real-time PCR. Plasma levels of IL-9 and IL-17 were detected by ELISA. Our results showed that higher expressions of Th9, IL-9, and associated transcription factors (PU.1, IRF4, and BATF) were found in active ITP patients and restored to the normal level (except IL-9) in patients in remission. Meanwhile, Th9 cells and the IL-9 plasma level were positively correlated with Th17 cells and the IL-17 level in ITP patients, respectively. Moreover, a positive correlation of IRF4 or BATF with RORγt was found. In conclusion, an aberrant expression profile of Th9/IL-9 was associated with pathogenesis of ITP possibly through cooperatively working with Th17/IL-17 and therapeutically targeting Th9/IL-9 might be a novel approach in the treatment of ITP.

Blockage of caspase-1 activation ameliorates bone marrow inflammation in mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Conditioning regimens before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), cause damage to bone marrow and inflammation. Whether inflammasomes are involved in bone marrow inflammation remains unclear. The study aims to evaluate the role of inflammasomes in bone marrow inflammation after HSCT. On days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HSCT, mice were sacrificed for analysis of bone marrow inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, inflammasomes expression and caspase-1 activation. Bone marrow inflammation with neutrophils and macrophages infiltration was observed after HSCT. Secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IL-6 were elevated, with increased caspase-1 activation and inflammasomes expression. Caspase-1 inhibitor administration after HSCT significantly reduced infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into bone marrow and increased the numbers of megakaryocytes and platelets. In conclusion, inflammasomes activation is involved in bone marrow inflammation after HSCT and caspase-1 inhibition attenuates bone marrow inflammation and promoted hematopoietic reconstitution, suggesting targeting caspase-1 might be beneficial for improving HSCT outcomes.

The Correlation Between Platelet Activation and Liver Injury by Conditioning and Bone Marrow Transplantation

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) is a common severe complication after transplantation which is closely related to liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) injury. Although platelet activation might play a key role in the progress of HVOD, the relationship between the P-selectin and HVOD is still unclear. In this study, the P-selectin, liver functions, and observed damage of LSEC after transplantation were detected. The P-selectin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin were first detected in the patients. The ALT of patients reached the first peak of 144 ± 45.04 U/L, on day 7 after busulfan + cyclophosphamide (BU/CY) pretreatment, and reached the second peak of 220.5 ± 40.58 U/L on day 7 after transplantation. Similarly, the concentration of bilirubin increased BU/CY pretreatment and reached peak on day 15 after transplantation at 38.8 ± 5.99 μmol/L. However, the level of P-selectin was significantly higher than normal levels for a long time and peaked on day 3 after BU/CY pretreatment and on day 12 after transplantation (P < .05). Then the P-selectin, liver function, liver index, hepatocytes, and LSEC were observed using a transplantation model of C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) donor to BALB/c (H-2(d)) recipient. The P-selectin, liver index, and liver function of total body irradiation (TBI) mice and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) mice were significantly increased, but the increase of TBI mice were more significant. On day 5, the ratio of TBI mice peripheral blood platelets which expressed P-selectin was higher and reached an earlier peak at 15.6 ± 2.63%, whereas that of BMT mice was 6.59 ± 1.17%, and peaked on day 15 at 8.36 ± 1.55% (P < .05). Moreover, the ALT and bilirubin levels of TBI mice were higher and reached earlier peaks on day 5 at 58.65 ± 1.43 U/L and 27.14 ± 1.32 μmol/L, respectively, whereas those of BMT mice peaked on day 5 at 50.22 ± 2.02 U/L and day 30 at 39.57 ± 1.55 μmol/L, respectively (P < .05). The LSEC damage and hepatocyte edema in BMT mice were most serious at day 15, and at day 30 injuries did not allow recovery. The liver score of TBI mice peaked on day 5, whereas that of BMT mice peaked on day 15. Moreover, the degree of damage and platelet activation positively correlated. This study implied that P-selectin could be used as a predictor of HVOD.