Kuo-Ching Ma

Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals

VOLUME I Introduction The Incentive Physical-Chemical Properties Experimental Methods Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) Mass Balance Models of Chemical Fate Data Sources and Presentation Illustrative QSPR Plots and Fate Calculations References Aliphatic and Cyclic Hydrocarbons Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables and QSPR plots References Mononuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables and QSPR plots References Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Related Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables and QSPR plots References VOLUME II * Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Chlorobenzenes and Other Halogenated Mononuclear Aromatics Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Chlorinated Dibenzop-dioxins Chlorinated Dibenzofurans VOLUME III * Ethers Alcohols Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids Phenolic Compounds Esters VOLUME IV Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References Herbicides Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References Insecticides Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References Fungicides Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References APPENDICES List of Symbols and Abbreviations Alphabetical Index CAS Registry Index Molecular Formula Index * Each chapter contains lists of chemicals and data compilations, summary tables, QSPR plots, and references

Chlorophenols and alkylphenols: A review and correlation of environmentally relevant properties and fate in an evaluative environment

Abstract A review is presented of the physical-chemical properties of the chlorophenols and alkyl phenols, including acid dissociation constant, aqueous solubility, vapour pressure, octanol-water partition coefficient, Henrys law constant or air-water partition coefficient, bioconcentration factor and sorption partition coefficient. Graphical, rather than numerical correlations are presented of these properties, using additive LeBas molar volume as a molecular descriptor. Fairly reliable quantitative structure-property relationships are shown to exist which can be used for predictive purposes. The fates of selected chemicals in an evaluative environment are also described, including the estimated effect of pH on environmental partitioning. In general, the phenols tend to be primarily associated with soils and water and have persistencies controlled by degradation rates in these media. They are not subject to appreciable evaporation because of their low air-water partition coefficients. As pH increases, the tendency of dissociation increases, especially for phenols of relatively low pK, such as pentachlorophenol. The net effect is to enhance transport from air to soil and water, to reduce partitioning from water to sediment and to cause a slight overall reduction in persistence. There is little effect on fate in soil. The overall effect of pH change is quite complex and requires careful scrutiny of multimedia model results. It is recommended that the dependence of organic carbon-water, lipid-water, and octanol-water partitioning on pH and the presence of cations other than H + be more thoroughly investigated and the degradation rates of these compounds in soil and water be determined, especially at high concentrations.

Temperature Dependence of Physical–Chemical Properties of Selected Chemicals of Environmental Interest. I. Mononuclear and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Physical–chemical property data, which control air–water partitioning, namely vapor pressure, aqueous solubility and Henry’s law constant over the environmentally relevant temperature range of 5–50 °C, are compiled and reviewed for the mononuclear aromatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Corresponding enthalpies of phase transition are also reported. As result of a critical review, selected values are given at 25 °C, and where possible equations expressing the temperature dependence are given. Twenty-one aromatic hydrocarbons are studied, with approximately 300 references.

Temperature Dependence of Physical–Chemical Properties of Selected Chemicals of Environmental Interest. II. Chlorobenzenes, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and Dibenzofurans

Data are compiled and reviewed of the physical–chemical properties of chlorinated benzenes, biphenyls, and dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, which control air–water partitioning, namely vapor pressure, aqueous solubility, and Henry’s law constant over the environmentally relevant temperature range of 5–50 °C. Recommended values at 25 °C, and equations for estimating these properties over the temperature range of 5–50 °C are provided. Corresponding enthalpies of phase transition are also reported.

Solubilities of Pesticide Chemicals in Water Part II: Data Compilation

As discussed in Part I of this two-part series (Shiu et al. 1990) Gunther, Westlake, and Jaglan compiled and published data on the water solubility of 738 pesticide chemicals in 1968. They noted “glaring inconsistencies and lamentable gaps in the literature commonly available to research workers and others interested in even approximate solubility data.” For many chemicals either no data were available or the information was only qualitative. In Part I the environmental physical chemistry of solubility was reviewed. In this second part we discuss data sources and methods of solubility measurement and present a compilation of solubility data for 884 pesticide chemicals.