Kusdiantoro Mohamad

Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events

The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesis fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric datasets derived from Sulawesis three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2–3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1–2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years.

Pemaparan Gelombang Elektromagnetik Telepon Genggam pada Mencit (Mus musculus albinus) Periode Awal Kebuntingan

The increasing of mobilephone usage is accompanied by increasing public awareness of occupational health and safety towards emission of electromagnetic wave from appliance. The purpose of this research was to determine the level of exposure safety through the observation of implantation and birth rates using mice as an animal model. Twenty four female mice were synchronized and then each female were mated with a stud male mice (single mating, ratio male and female 1:1). The exposure was given at 900 MHz during seven days after mating. Female mice were divided into four groups according to the type of handphone exposure, one, two, and four times a day (15 min each) for the first, the second, and the third group, respectively; and no exposure for the fourth group as a control. The result showed that the exposure time has no significant influence on implantation and live birth numbers. For all groups, the range value was from 8.66 to 10.00 for the implantation site and from 10.00 to 12.33 for the live birth numbers. Those values were not significantly different with the values in the control group (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the exposure time of electromagnetic wave from the handphone were still within safe level for the mice in the pregnancy periode.