Kwang Won Yu

Biological activities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fermented rice bran as feed additives

Aims: u2002The objective of the present study was to examine for the various biological activities for feed additives of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fermented rice bran.

Peyer’s patch-mediated intestinal immune system modulating activity of pectic-type polysaccharide from peel of Citrus unshiu

An intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharide (CUI-3IIb-3-2, 18kDa) was purified from Citrus unshiu peel. CUI-3IIb-3-2 mainly comprised GalA, GlcA, Ara, Gal and Rha, and it consisted of 4-linked GalA, terminal Araf, 4- or 5-linked/3,4- or 3,5-branched Ara, terminal Gal, and 2-linked/2,4-branched Rha. After CUI-3IIb-3-2 digestion by endo-α-d-(1→4)-polygalacturonase, its hydrolysate was fractionated into PG-1 and PG-2. Methylation analyses of PG-1 and PG-2 using base-catalysed β-elimination suggested that CUI-3IIb-3-2 be assumed as pectic-type polysaccharide. Since the activities of PG-1 and PG-2 were potently decreased, the whole polysaccharide structure of CUI-3IIb-3-2 would be essential to maintain the activity. Meanwhile, when CUI-3IIb was orally administered in mice, bone marrow cell proliferation and GM-CSF/IL-6 production from Peyers patch cell were significantly higher (1.76- and 2.03/2.51-fold, respectively) than a saline. Therefore, a pectic-type polysaccharide from citrus peel could stimulate Peyers patches and produce hematopoietic growth factors resulted in bone marrow cell proliferation.

Enzyme-assisted extraction of cactus bioactive molecules under high hydrostatic pressure

BACKGROUNDnTo improve the extraction and recovery of bioactive materials from cactus, the present study investigated the effect of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes [Rapidase-Viscozyme mixture, 1/3 (v/v)] treatment under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP).nnnRESULTSnThe dry weight of the extract increased with the use of increasing pressure regardless of enzyme treatment. However, the polyphenol content showed a tendency to decrease with the increase in pressure in the cactus extract with or without enzyme treatment. The enzyme-assisted extraction resulted in an increase of dry weight and polyphenol content in the cactus extract. The total sugar and reducing sugar contents of the cactus extract increased with increasing pressure in enzyme-assisted extraction. The uronic acid content of the cactus extract showed a pattern similar to that of the reducing sugars. The enzyme-assisted extraction also increased the contents of taxifolin, quercetin and isorhametin. The cactus extract obtained through enzyme-assisted extraction showed intense scavenging activity of both DPPH and ABTS radicals. The crude polysaccharides isolated from the extract (51.2% at 1000 µg mL⁻¹ for HHP extraction at 300 MPa) had higher anti-complementary activity than the others except for lipopolysaccharide (60.00% at 1000 µg mL⁻¹). HHP extraction and enzyme-assisted extraction using HHP showed an increase of anti-complementary activity compared with the heat and enzyme controls, respectively.nnnCONCLUSIONnOverall, the use of HHP in enzyme-assisted extraction resulted in more efficient extraction than the use of enzyme treatment alone.

Biotransformation of catechin and extraction of active polysaccharide from green tea leaves via simultaneous treatment with tannase and pectinase

BACKGROUNDnGreen tea is a dietary source of bioactive compounds for human health. Enzymatic treatments induce the bioconversion of bioactive components, which can improve biological activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of simultaneous treatment with tannase and Rapidase on biotransformation of catechins and extraction of polysaccharide from green tea extract (GTE).nnnRESULTSnTannase and pectinase treatments induced the biotransformation of catechins and altered tea polysaccharide () content. The addition of GTE to the enzyme reaction resulted in a significant increase in degallated catechins, including gallic acid, a product of the tannase reaction (314.5-4076.0u2009µg mL(-1)) and a reduction in epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Biotransformation of catechins improved the radical scavenging activity of GTE. Pectinase treatment led to change of TPS composition in GTE by hydrolyzing polysaccharides. In addition, pectinase-driven hydrolysis in polysaccharides significantly increased TPS-induced Interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in macrophages. In particular, treatment of Rapidase (TPS-Ra) led to the highest IL-6 production among TPS samples, similar to treatment of highly purified pectinase (TPS-GTE), a positive control.nnnCONCLUSIONnSimultaneous processing with tannase and Rapidase can be an efficient method for the extraction of bioactive polysaccharides and biotransformation of catechins with enhanced radical scavenging activity from green tea.

Tannase‐converted green tea catechins and their anti‐wrinkle activity in humans

This study was performed to investigate the anti‐wrinkle effects of topical applications of green tea extract with high antioxidant activity by tannase treatment. Increases in gallic acid (GA), (−)‐epigallocatechin (EGC), and (−)‐epicatechin (EC) were observed in the green tea extract after tannase treatment.

Anti-complementary activity of enzyme-treated traditional Korean rice wine (Makgeolli) hydrolysates

BACKGROUNDnMakgeolli brewed from rice contains about 150 g kg(-1) alcohol and has a fragrance as well as an acidic and sweet taste. During the brewing process, by-products such as rice bran and brewery cake are produced. At the end of fermentation the matured mash is transferred to a filter cloth and the Makgeolli is squeezed out from the cake, leaving the lees of the mash. These by-products have continued to increase every year, resulting in an ecological problem. It is therefore important to develop new uses for them. The objective of this study was to use the by-products from the brewing of Makgeolli as a valuable functional food or nutraceutical.nnnRESULTSnThe anti-complementary activities of crude polysaccharides isolated from Cytolase hydrolysates of Makgeolli lees at concentrations of 1000 and 500 µg mL(-1) were 84.15 and 78.70% respectively. The activity of polysaccharide krestin (PSK) was 60.00% at 1000 µg mL(-1). The active polysaccharide obtained with Cytolase comprised mainly glucose and mannose (molar ratio 1.00:0.62).nnnCONCLUSIONnGlucose- and mannose-rich crude polysaccharides were isolated from the Cytolase hydrolysate of Makgeolli lees. The polysaccharides retain anti-complementary activity to enhance the immune system as a functional food or nutraceutical.

Fermentation of Korean Red Ginseng by Lactobacillus plantarum M-2 and Its Immunological Activities

We investigated ginsenoside transformation by fermentation of red ginseng with Lactobacillus plantarum M-2. We also examined the anti-metastasis and immune-stimulating activities of EtOH extracts of fermented red ginseng (FRG-E) in animal and human subjects. Total sugar decreased from 85.5xa0mgxa0mL−1 to 44.1xa0mgxa0mL−1 with increasing culture time during the fermentation with L. plantarum M-2. Uronic acid content reached a maximum level (534.3xa0μgxa0mL−1) at 3xa0days of fermentation and decreased thereafter. Ginsenoside metabolites increased from 4,637.0 to 7,581.1xa0μgxa0mL−1 after 4xa0days. The prophylactic intraperitoneal injection of FRG-E (500xa0μg mouse−1) inhibited lung metastasis about 81.1%, while the inhibitory effect against tumor metastasis by treatment of EtOH extract from non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG-E) was 66.9%. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG) levels in the serum of healthy subjects were higher after FRG-E administration than at baseline, whereas NFRG-E induced reductions of these variables related to immunity. At 1xa0week, the change in IgA level by FRG-E (5.14xa0mgxa0mL−1) was significantly higher than that by NFRG-E (−14.50xa0mgxa0mL−1; pu2009<u20090.05). It was concluded that the immunological activities of FRG-E were higher than those of NFRG-E, indicating that fermentation helped enhance the immunological activities of red ginseng.

Physiological effects of yeast hydrolysate SCP-20

When the yeast hydrolysate SCP-20 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ingested to the rat to identify the effect on anti-stress, SCP-20 have an potent effect on the weight of adrenal, spleen, kidney and thyroid, and the glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GOT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminse (GPT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity recovered as much as the non-stress level. In addition, the swimming time was significantly increased in the group to administer SCP-20. It is assumed that anti-fatigue effect might relate to the resistance effect on the stress induced intensive exercise. SCP-20 stimulated not only the activation of macrophage (1.9-fold of saline control) but also IL-6 production (1.9-fold) at 2.0 g/kg/day. By the culture supernatant of Peyers patch cells from C3H/HeJ mice fed SCP-20 at 2.0 g/kg/day for 7 days, the bone marrow cells significantly proliferated as 2.1 fold to compare with those of mice received only saline (control). In addition, the contents of IL-6 in the culture supernatant of Peyers patch cells from mice fed SCP 20 at 2.0 g/kg per day were increased in the comparison with those from control (2.3-fold).

Nonpungent Capsicum fermentation by Bacillus subtilis and the addition of Rapidase

To reduce the pungency of Capsicum without the loss of its biological activity, a Capsicum sp. was fermented by Bacillus subtilis with the addition of Rapidase enzyme. At 1xa0day of fermentation, the capsaicin content of the Capsicum ferment with Rapidase had sharply decreased from an initial content of 11.8 to 2.8xa0μg/ml. The Rapidase-fermented Capsicum had higher total flavonoid and phenolic contents than the Capsicum ferment without Rapidase. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity was enhanced in the Rapidase-fermented Capsicum as compared to that without Rapidase. Overall, fermentation using B. subtilis and Rapidase was an efficient method to produce a non-pungent Capsicum with antioxidant properties.

Inhibitory effect of chaga mushroom extract on compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock and IgE production in mice

Chaga mushrooms (Inonotus obliquus) are hypothesised to exhibit general immune-potentiating, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, but their anti-allergic activities are not fully understood. Therefore, this study investigated whether a chaga mushroom extract (C-HE) might have anti-allergic activity. This activity was assessed through the levels of the IgE Ab produced in response to an allergen (OVA). The administration of C-HE prophylactically inhibited the systemic anaphylactic shock induced by compound 48/80 in mice. The oral administration of C-HE significantly reduced the total IgE levels in mice and slightly affected the production of IgG1. Furthermore, spleen cell cultures harvested from OVA-sensitised mice that had received C-HE orally showed a significant increase in Th1-derived responses (IFN-γ production). Therefore, our results suggest that the chaga mushroom extract may be used as an anti-allergic functional food.