Kyung Hoon Park

Effect of Ferric and Ferrous Iron Irrigation on Brown-Colored Symptom of Leaf in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

To study the cause of physiological disorder in leaf of ginseng cultivated at paddy soil, the degree of brown- colored symptom (BCS) and the contents of inorganic matter in leaf were investigated by irrigating the solution of ferric and ferrous iron of 0.1 ~ 2.0%, and citric acid of 1.0 ~ 4.0% on bed soil, respectively. Ratio of BCS by variety was as high as 85.0% in Yoenpoong, while it was as low as 5.4%, 7.5% in Chunpoong and Hwangsook, respectively. The contents of inorganic matter of leaf in Yoenpoong were lower in P2O5, Ca, and Mg, while it were higher in K, Fe, and Mn than other variety. Iron solution caused BCS more distinctly when each ferric and ferrous iron were dissolved with 1.0% citric acid than when each iron was dissolved without citric acid. Ferric iron caused BCS more effectively than ferrous iron. BCS occurred in 4.0% citric acid was as same as 2.0% ferric iron mixed with 1.0% citric acid. Low P2O5 and high Fe content in leaf appeared in both of artificial and natural symptoms. We concluded that excessive Fe uptake caused BCS to leaf because the solubility of iron was increased in condition of low soil pH.

Effect of Application Level of Calcium Hydroxide on Brown-Leaf Symptom and Root Yield of Panax ginseng Cultivated in Paddy Soil

Physiological disorders such as symptoms in leaf colored with brown spots are so many occurred in ginseng garden cultivated with paddy soil. This study was carried out to inhibit the symptoms of brown-colored leaf in 3-year-old ginseng by fertilizing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) of 100 ~ 400 ㎏ per 10a on paddy soil before transplant of seedling. Soil pH was rapidly increased, while Fe was decreased in soil by the increase of application level of calcium hydroxide. Soil pH was increased from 4.53 to 6.18 when calcium hydroxide was fertilized at level of 100kg per 10a. The content of Fe in gin- seng leaf was decreased more than the control by fertilizing calcium hydroxide in soil. Ratio of brown-colored leaf and plant height and leaf area were decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. Ratio of survived root and yield of root showed the peak at the application level of 100 ㎏ per 10a, and both of them were gradually decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. The decrease of missing plant rate above the application level of 200 ㎏ per 10a had a negative effect on the decrease of yield of root.

Inhibition Effect on Root Rot Disease of Panax ginseng by Crop Cultivation in Soil Occurring Replant Failure

To study the effect of crop rotation on the control of ginseng root rot, growth characteristics and root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng was investigated after the crops of 18 species were cultured for one year in soil contaminated by the pathogen of root rot. Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were detected by 53.2% and 37.7%, respectively, from infected root of 4-year-old ginseng cultivated in soil occurring the injury by continuous cropping. Content of , Na, and were distinctly changed, while content of pH, Ca, and Mg were slightly changed when whole plant of crops cultured for one year were buried in the ground. All of EC, , , and K were distinctly increased in soil cultured sudangrass, peanut, soybean, sunnhemp, and pepper. All of EC, , , and K among inorganic component showed negative effect on the growth of ginseng when they were excessively applied on soil. The growth of ginseng was promoted in soil cultivated perilla, sweet potato, sudangrass, and welsh onion, while suppressed in Hwanggi (Astragalus mongholicus), Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata) Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), Gamcho (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), Soybean. All of chicory, lettuce, radish, sunnhemp, and welsh onion had effective on the inhibition of ginseng root rot, while legume such as soybean, Hwanggi, Gamcho, peanut promoted the incidence of root rot. Though there were no significant correlation, showed positive correlation, and Na showed negative correlation with the incidence of root rot.

Control Efficiency for Ginseng Anthracnose by Eco-Friendly Organic Materials

*Department of Biological Screening, KPER, Suwon 441-813, Korea. **Technical Committee, KEFAMA, Seoul 137-942, Korea. ***Ginseng Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.ABSTRACT : This study was conducted to select and develop effect of eco-friendly organic materials for the eco-friendlyprevention of Anthracnose occurred in the ginseng. Anthracnose on ginseng is occurred by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andthe crop damage is severe especially from July to August after rainy season. The test results showed that control effect by testproducts materials on the three years ginseng and four years ginseng field was lower in eco-friendly organic materials thanthat of chemical pesticide. However, the control effect of bordeaux mixture was higher with 71.3% and 73.8% levels thanthose of mineral matter, microbial agent, and developed plants extract mixtures (Eugenol, Curcumin, Wood vinegar, etc).On the other hand, three types of developed plants extract mixtures (3 types) showed control effect in a range of from 58.1%to 63.6% against Anthracnose which was higher as compared with plant extract alone and sodium silicate regardless of agesof ginseng. The results of this study would attribute in verifying the control effect of eco-friendly materials againstAnthracnose for ginseng through investigating antimicrobial compounds contained in the plants body. Also, it would be usedas control method against Anthracnose occurred in ginseng by judging the right control time through monitoring occurrenceof disease.Key Words : Panax ginseng, Anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Bordeaux Mixture, Sodium Silicate, Antimicrobial

Effect of Ridge Height on Growth Characteristics and Yield of 6 Year Old Panax ginseng in Cultivation of Paddy Soil

Background : Ginseng is mainly grown as a break crop in paddy fields after rice has been cultured for approximately 4 - 5 years, because it reduces the negative effects of continuous rice cropping. However, physiological disorders, such as leaf discoloration, occur in ginseng grown in paddy fields with poor drainage and excessive levels of inorganic components. Methods and Results : This study investigated the effect of ridge height on the growth characteristics and yield of 6 year old Panax ginseng. Ridge height was varied by making 20, 30, and 40 cm high ridges in a pooly drained paddy field. Soil moisture content decreased, while electrical conductivity (EC) as the ridge height increased. The , K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels also rose as ridge height increased, but organic matter and levels did not. The leaf discoloration ratio rose as the ridge height increased, and root yield reached a peak when the ridge height was 30 cm. Conclusion : A ridge height of 30 cm in poorly drained paddy field improved ginseng growth by reducing leaf discoloration and increasing root survival, owing to more suitable soil moisture and EC levels.

Effect of Irrigation of Sulfur Solution before Sowing on Growth and Root Rot Disease of Seedling in Ginseng Nursery

Ginseng Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.ABSTRACT : To control the disease of root rot in ginseng nursery, inorganic sulfur solution of 0.1%, 1.0%, and 2.0% wereirrigated by amount of 10 l per 3.3 ㎡ before sowing. On the last ten days of July, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum weresimilarly detected by 44.8% and 43.8%, respectively, while Cylindrocarpon destructans was low detected by 4.4% in the dis-eased seedling. The more sulfur’s concentration was increased, the more soil pH was decreased. Soil pH was decreased from5.87 to 4.59 by the irrigation of sulfur solution of 1.0%. The more sulfur’s concentration was increased, the more electricalconductivity (EC) of soil was increased. EC was increased from 0.27 dS/m to 1.28 dS/m by the irrigation of sulfur solution of1.0%. Irrigation of sulfur solution was effective on the inhibition of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in ginsengseedling. Control value for damping-off by the irrigation of sulfur solution of 1.0% and 2.0% were 75.7%, and 78.5%,respectively. Growth of leaf was inhibited by the irrigation of sulfur solution of 2.0%. Root weight per 3.3㎡ showed thepeak in sulfur solution of 1.0%, while survived-root ratio and root weight per plant were decreased in the level of 2.0%.Survived-root ratio of seedling in sulfur solution of 1.0% was distinctly increased by 4.7 times compare to the control, butcontrol value for root rot was relatively low as 49.2%. Mycelium growth of C. destructans, F. solani, and R. solani weredistinctly inhibited by the increase of sulfur’s concentration in vitro culture using PDA medium.Key Words : Inorganic Sulfur, Panax ginseng, Root Weight, Seedling, Soil-Borne Pathogen

Control of Soil-Borne Pathogens in Ginseng Cultivation through the Use of Cultured Green Manure Crop and Solarization in Greenhouse Facilities

Background: Root diseases caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani decrease the yield and quality of ginseng. Cylindrocarpon root rot is a major disease caused by replant failure in ginseng fields. Methods and Results: Solarization of infested greenhouse soil was carried out during the summer season after applying green manure (Sudan grass) and Calcium Cyanamide (CC) on the soil. Mycelium and conidia of C. destructans died at after 15 h, but they did not die at after 15 h. They also died after keeping the soil at for 2 h daily for 9 days, and at for 8 days, but they did not die at for 9 days. Maximum soil temperature was at 5 cm depth, at 10 cm, at 15 cm, at 20 cm, and at 30 cm by incorporating green manure into the soil and using solarization. Solarization using green manure mixed with CC was the most effective in decreasing soil-borne pathogens of 2-year-old ginseng. However, the addition of CC decreased the root weight due to the increase in EC and . Conclusions: Soil disinfection using green manure and solarization in a greenhouse environment was effective in inhibiting root rot, however, it did not completely kill the soil-borne pathogens.

Selection of Environmental Friendly Organic Agricultural Materials for Controlling Ginseng Gray Mold

Background : To control ginseng gray mold, farmers have mainly used inorganic chemical based fungicides. The recent emergence of fungicide resistance has reduced the effectiveness of such control methods. Such pesticides also carry additional problems, such as diffuse pollution. Methods and Results : Six treatments of organic agricultural materials were tested for control of ginseng gray mold, CAPW (Chrysophanic acid + Phytoncide + Wood vinegar), EmEWV (Emodin + Ethanol + Wood vinegar), CEWV (Curcumin + Eugenol + Wood vinegar), Bacillus subtilis, soybean oil and sulfur. The control effect for gray mold by a single application of the agrochemical fungicide industrial Fenhexamid wettable powder (WP) was 84.4%. The control effect by CAPW, EmEWV and CEWV varied between 52.7 - 64.9%. The control effect by B. subtilis, soybean oil, and sulfur were 32.9 - 59.2%. Conclusions : In the field tests, CAPW showed the highest control effects when used before, and at first stage of disease incidence, against ginseng gray mold.