L. A. Crowder

Fate of36Cl-toxaphene in rats

SummaryIn the rat, 52.6%, of an oral dose of36Cl-toxaphene was excreted within 9 days. Approximately 37% was found in the feces and 15%, in the urine. Upon extraction, most of the radioactivity occurred in the water fractions of urine and feces as ionic chloride. Animals given a second dose on the 9th day excreted toxaphene in a similar manner except36Cl excretion in feces was reduced. Less than 10% of the dose was found in selected tissues and organs 1 day following the treatment.

Tissue distribution and excretion of diphacinone in the mouse

Abstract Tissue distribution and excretion of the rodenticide, [ 14 C] diphacinone (2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione), following intragastric administration were investigated in male and female mice. The first body burden study tested 13 tissues plus excreta and utilized tissue digestion prior to counting. Plasma and whole blood were additionally tested in the second study; tissues and excreta were prepared for counting in a commercial sample oxidizer. Of the administered dose 76 and 68% were excreted in feces of male and female mice, respectively, by 48 hr during the first study. Accountability of the administered dose never exceeded 74%. The two studies revealed that liver had the highest specific activity followed by fallopian tubes, plasma, whole blood, and lungs. Adipose tissue contained the lowest concentration. In the second study, the specific activity increased in male liver up to 7.5 hr. Radioactivity in female livers peaked around hr 3. These were the only significant differences between sexes.

Increased cyclic nucleotides in several tissues of the cockroach and mouse following treatment with toxaphene

Abstract Cylic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) concentrations in toxaphene-treated cockroaches, Leucophaea maderae (Fab.), increased in all tissues sampled, with the greatest increases occurring at 24 hr for cAMP and 168 hr for cGMP. Asymptomatic mice treated with 112 mg/kg of toxaphene were not significantly different from controls. Symptomatic mice showed increased cAMP in all tissues examined and an increase in testicle cGMP. The greatest increases in cAMP occurred during the more advanced stages of toxaphene poisoning.

Uptake of36Cl-toxaphene in the cockroach,Leucophaea maderae (Fabr.)

SummaryToxaphene was only slightly toxic toL. maderae. The ED-50 at 120 h was 299.5 μg/g. Uptake of a sublethal dose of36Cl-toxaphene was examined in several tissues. At most time intervals between 2–96 h, greater concentrations were found in VNC than haemolymph, fat body, or alimentary canal. At 120 h, tissues of symptomatic insects possessed significantly greater amounts of radiolabeled material than asymptomatic, except for fat body where no difference was noted.

Uptake of36Cl-toxaphene in mosquito fish,Gambusia affinis

SummaryThe toxicity syndrome of toxaphene to G.affinis was divided into 5 stages, and the residue level at each stage was determined. By the time fish were exhibiting the first toxicity response (stage 2), 90.3% of the mean fatal residue level had been sorbed. Regression analysis indicated that sorption of toxaphene is a linear function with respect to time. Excretion was not observed following an 8 hour exposure to 2ppm toxaphene. Metabolic alteration of toxaphene during the experiments appeared to be minimal. Differences in individual mortality-appeared to be due to differences in uptake rather than differences in ability to tolerate particular body loads of toxaphene.

The effect of insect “Autoneurotoxin” on Periplaneta americana (L) and Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) Malpighian tubules

Abstract The effect of insect “autoneurotoxin” upon Malpighian tubules of Periplaneta americana (L.) and Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) was investigated in vitro . “Autoneurotoxin” collected under different stress conditions, caused an acceleration in the frequency of coiling. The increase of the observed coiling frequency was not solely due to 5HT.

Bioelectrical activity of isolated ventral nerve cords of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L., treated with toxaphene.

SummaryEffects of toxaphene were studied with the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of the cockroach,Periplaneta americana (L). Intense forms of activity were observed in isolated nerve preparations treated with toxaphene. Latent periods between introduction of toxaphene and onset of intense activity decreased as the concentrations were increased.

Effects of x irradiation on the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides to the house fly

Abstract Dosage-mortality tests for 29 selected organophosphate insecticides were conducted on male and female control and X-irradiated house flies, Musca domestica L. Twenty of the insecticides exhibited no significant toxicity change in irradiated flies. X-irradiation induced significantly increased or decreased toxicities for nine of the insecticides tested. Five insecticides were significantly less toxic to irradiated males than to irradiated females. Electrophoretic analysis of control and X-irradiated male and female fly homogenates showed no qualitative differences in the banding patterns for general proteins, α-naphthyl esterases, and alkaline phosphatases; however, the possibility of quantitative differences in some bands is not excluded. X-ray-altered genome sites and microsomal induction by X-irradiation are discussed. Although speculative, microsomal induction appears to be responsible for the toxicity changes observed.