L. C. Kretly

Nanorobot Hardware Architecture for Medical Defense

This work presents a new approach with details on the integrated platform and hardware architecture for nanorobots application in epidemic control, which should enable real time in vivo prognosis of biohazard infection. The recent developments in the field of nanoelectronics, with transducers progressively shrinking down to smaller sizes through nanotechnology and carbon nanotubes, are expected to result in innovative biomedical instrumentation possibilities, with new therapies and efficient diagnosis methodologies. The use of integrated systems, smart biosensors, and programmable nanodevices are advancing nanoelectronics, enabling the progressive research and development of molecular machines. It should provide high precision pervasive biomedical monitoring with real time data transmission. The use of nanobioelectronics as embedded systems is the natural pathway towards manufacturing methodology to achieve nanorobot applications out of laboratories sooner as possible. To demonstrate the practical application of medical nanorobotics, a 3D simulation based on clinical data addresses how to integrate communication with nanorobots using RFID, mobile phones, and satellites, applied to long distance ubiquitous surveillance and health monitoring for troops in conflict zones. Therefore, the current model can also be used to prevent and save a population against the case of some targeted epidemic disease.

Medical nanorobotics for diabetes control

This work presents an innovative nanorobot architecture based on nanobioelectronics for diabetes. The progressive development toward the therapeutic use of nanorobots should be observed as the natural result from some ongoing and future achievements in biomedical instrumentation, wireless communication, remote power transmission, nanoelectronics, new materials engineering, chemistry, proteomics, and photonics. To illustrate the nanorobot integrated circuit architecture and layout described here, a computational approach with the application of medical nanorobotics for diabetes is simulated using clinical data. Integrated simulation can provide interactive tools for addressing nanorobot choices on sensing, hardware design specification, manufacturing analysis, and methodology for control investigation. In the proposed 3D prototyping, a physician can help the patient to avoid hyperglycemia by means of a handheld device, like a cell phone enclosed with cloth, that is used as a smart portable device to communicate with nanorobots. Therefore, this architecture provides a suitable choice to establish a practical medical nanorobotics platform for in vivo health monitoring.

Medical Nanorobot Architecture Based on Nanobioelectronics

This work describes an innovative medical nanorobot architecture based on important discoveries in nanotechnology, integrated circuit patents, and some publications, directly or indirectly related to one of the most challenging new fields of science: molecular machines. Thus, the architecture described in this paper reflects, and is supported by, some remarkable recent achievements and patents in nanoelectronics, wireless communication and power transmission techniques, nanotubes, lithography, biomedical instrumentation, genetics, and photonics. We also describe how medicine can benefit from the joint development of nanodevices which are derived, and which integrate techniques, from artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and embedded smart sensors. Teleoperated surgical procedures, early disease diagnosis, and pervasive patient monitoring are some possible applications of nanorobots, reflecting progress along a roadmap for the gradual and practical development of nanorobots. To illustrate the described nanorobot architecture, a computational 3D approach with the application of nanorobots for diabetes is simulated using clinical data. Theoretical and practical analysis of system integration modeling is one important aspect for supporting the rapid development in the emerging field of nanotechnology. This provides useful directions for further research and development of medical nanorobotics and suggests a time frame in which nanorobots may be expected to be available for common utilization in therapeutic and medical procedures.

Nanorobotic challenges in biomedical applications, design and control

Ongoing developments in molecular fabrication, computation, sensors and motors will enable the manufacturing of nanorobots - nanoscale biomolecular machine systems. The present work constitutes a novel simulation approach, intended to be a platform for the design and research of nanorobot control. The simulation approach involves a combined and multi-scale view of the scenario. Fluid dynamics numerical simulation is used to construct the nanorobotic environment, and an additional simulation models nanorobot sensing, control and behavior. We discuss some of the most promising possibilities for nanorobotics applications in biomedical problems, paying a special attention to a stenosed coronary artery case.

Nanorobotics Control Design: A Practical Approach Tutorial

The authors present a new approach using genetic algorithms, neural networks and nanorobotics concepts applied to the problem of control design for nanoassembly automation and its application in medicine. As a practical approach to validate the proposed design, we have elaborated and simulated a virtual environment focused on control automation for nanorobotics teams that exhibit collective behavior. This collective behavior is a suitable way to perform a large range of tasks and positional assembly manipulation in a complex 3D workspace. We emphasize the application of such techniques as a feasible approach for the investigation of nanorobotics system design in nanomedicine. Theoretical and practical analyses of control modelling is one important aspect that will enable rapid development in the emerging field of nanotechnology.Copyright

Computational Nanomechatronics: A Pathway for Control and Manufacturing Nanorobots

This paper describes an innovative work for nanorobot design and manufacturing, using a computer simulation and system on chip prototyping approach. The use of CMOS as integrated circuits, with the miniaturization from micro towards nanoelectronics, and the respective advances of nanowires are considered into the proposed model design and discussed as a practical pathway to enable embedded sensors for manufacturing nanorobots. The proposed nanorobot model is applied to hydrology monitoring. It can be useful for agriculture or environmental monitoring and management.

Patches driver on the quasi-Yagi antenna: analyses of bandwidth and radiation pattern

This work presents the optimization of a broadband uniplanar quasi-Yagi antenna at 2.2 GHz and a novel structure, called the quasi-Yagi patch antenna, based on patches instead of a dipole as driver element. This center frequency was chosen due to wideband characteristic of the quasi-Yagi antenna to allow its operation at 1.9 GHz, GSM-USA standard, as well 2.4-2.5 GHz, 802.11 b WLAN and Bluetooth. The simulation results were obtained using FDTD (finite difference time domain method), due to great accuracy in calculating return loss, and radiation pattern. The return loss measurements indicate that the novel design is suitable for wireless communications.

The influence of the height variation on the frequency bandgap in an AMC, artificial magnetic conductor, for wireless applications: an EM experimental design approach

This work presents the effect of the height variation of an AMC, artificial magnetic conductor. The AMC is a metal-dielectric structure which has a high surface impedance inside a forbidden frequency band. The prototype for this work is first designed to have a bandgap around 1.9 GHz. The variation of the structure height allows a dislocation on the resonance frequency and the forbidden frequency band, bandgap, as is shown in the measured results. The experimental design approach is based on simple EM formulation.

A novel antenna array based on quasi-Yagi element for adaptive wireless system applications

This work presents the design and performance characteristics of a novel antenna array structure. The prototype is composed by three equal quasi-Yagi antennas 120/spl deg/ shifted, due to this new layout to allow the configuration of the radiation pattern, forming directional patterns with high directivity, and keeping the same performance as the isolated element has in band terms. The array was designed for working at 2.4 GHz and optimized to include 1.9 GHz, GSM-USA standard. The simulation and design optimization were done by a commercial software using MoM (moment method). There is an acceptable agreement between the simulation and measured results of return loss of the array.

Influence of nitrogen implantation on the properties of polymer films deposited in benzene glow discharges

Abstract Investigations of the structural, optical and electrical properties of plasma-polymerized benzene films were carried out as a function of the ion fluence. The films were obtained from rf (40 MHz, 70 W) plasmas of benzene and afterwards implanted with 170 keV molecular nitrogen ions (N2+) with fluences Φ ranging from 1017 to 1021 m−2. Infrared (IR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy were used to analyze the chemical and the electronic structure of the films, respectively. Further structural informations were obtained from etching experiments using an oxygen plasma. Electrical resistivity measurements were performed by the two-point probe technique. With rising ion fluence, the IR spectra of the implanted films reveal an increasing loss of hydrogen, the formation of new single and condensed aromatic structures and oxygen-containing functional groups. The latter are formed from reactions between the free radicals created upon ion implantation and oxygen from ambient air. The optical gap EG, calculated from the UV–VIS spectra of the films, showed a decrease from 1.6 to 0.9 eV as Φ increased from 0 to 1019 m−2. The electrical resistivity ρ of the films decreases significantly with the fluence. The decreases in EG and ρ are attributed to an increase in the overlap of the π-orbitals. The plasma etching experiments show that at low ion fluences, polymer chain degradation prevails. The highly chemically resistant polymer surface developed under high fluences suggests a strongly cross-linked structure.