L. Di Paola

Net proton charge of β- and κ-casein in concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions

Abstract Titration experiments have been carried out in order to measure the net proton charge of β- and κ-casein in NaCl solutions at 0.1 M and 1 M salt concentrations, at 4 °C, in the pH range between 5.5 and 10.5. Experimental data are compared with model values calculated through pKas of titrable groups neglecting the electrostatic perturbation term (ΔpKa) in order to evaluate the magnitude of the error caused by this approximation and to delimit its effectiveness. At both ionic strengths, the agreement is good for κ-casein in the pH range [5.5, 9.5], while errors of up to 2 charges are observed for β-casein in the same range. These deviations are likely to be caused by strong electrostatic effects induced by the high density of negative charges of β-casein 1–21 peptide. In order to account for these electrostatic effects, the net proton charge on this peptide is evaluated through a model based on the counterion condensation theory developed for the titration of polyelectrolytes with different types of ionizable groups.

Hydrogen production using inorganic membrane reactors

Abstract: Current hydrogen production processes, which depend upon the use of fossil fuels, are discussed. The means which can be used to increase efficiency, and to enable both up- and down-scaling, are considered, in particular the use of catalysts and inorganic membranes. Biomass as an alternative energy source for the production of biohydrogen through both aerobic and anaerobic fermentation has the potential to make hydrogen a truly environmentally friendly fuel.