L. Finkelstein

VIEWPOINTS: A FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES IN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

This paper outlines a framework which supports the use of multiple perspectives in system development, and provides a means for developing and applying systems design methods. The framework uses viewpoints to partition the system specification, the development method and the formal representations used to express the system specifications. This VOSE (viewpoint-oriented systems engineering) framework can be used to support the design of heterogeneous and composite systems. We illustrate the use of the framework with a small example drawn from composite system development and give an account of prototype automated tools based on the framework.

A review of the fundamental concepts of measurement

Abstract The paper surveys the current state of the theory of the fundamental concepts of measurement which is based on the model theory of logic. A brief review is given of the historical development of measurement theory. The model-theoretic definition of measurement is presented, together with a discussion of representation and uniqueness conditions. Nominal, ordinal, extensive and interval measurement structures are outlined. The classification of scale types and the problem of meaningfulness are considered. A survey is given of conjoint and derived measurement. A brief review is made of the applications of measurement theory. Consideration is given to the treatment of uncertainty. The setting-up of systems of scales of measurement for a domain of science and its relation to theories for that domain are discussed. It is argued that measurement as defined is related to other forms of symbolic representation such as is involved in computer data representation and natural language.

Mathematical model of the human renal system.

A mathematical model is presented which provides an overall description of the renal/body fluid system, comprising an interconnected set of physiologically based representations of the relevant subsystems of the human organism. The model is used to test a number of hypotheses relating to the dynamics and control of the human renal system, including dynamics of ADH clearance, glomerular tubular balance and the control of the rate of release of ADH. Results are presented establishing the validity of the model in a number of empirical tests.

State and advances of general principles of measurement and instrumentation science

Abstract The paper presents an analysis of the state of the general principles of Measurement and Instrumentation Science as a systematically organised framework of concepts and principles. It argues that such a science is an integral part of the general science of Information Technology, and that this integration has been strengthened by recent technological advances; but that it is distinct, with particular areas in particular sensing, errors and foundational concepts of measurement special to itself. The paper analyses advances in general principles of measurement and instrumentation. Finally it emphasises the role of design methodology as a core component of Measurement and Instrumentation Science.

Design-concept generation for Instrument systems: A knowledge-based system approach

Abstract This paper presents further developments on a knowledge-based system (KBS) for conceptual design of instrument systems. The knowledge base of the KBS contains functional descriptions of physical components, commonly used in instrument systems. These consist of the input and output for a component, the operating signal, frequency ranges and impedance characteristics, the frequency response, the steady-state transfer function and the resolution for the component. The knowledge representation of the system is based on a hierarchical frame-based structure which has a highly modular and flexible nature. From the fundamental requirement specifications the KBS can generate a number of different combinations of physical subsystems which satisfy the requirements of an instrument designer at a power flow level of representation. An example to illustrate how the system works is finally presented.

Intelligent measurement — A view of the state of the art and current trends

Abstract The paper examines briefly the state of the art of intelligent measurement on the basis of the proceedings of the IMEKO 1986 Symposium on the subject. It identifies advances in computer-assisted measurement, data conditioning, measurement process control, measurement result output, and measurement data processing as well as application of machine intelligence to measurement interpretation and use in decision support. It identifies the latter as a significant area of future progress. Applications of intelligent measurement in laboratory automation, electrical measurement, mechanical manufacture and associated inspection and clinical medicine are highlighted.

Design-orientated teaching of measurement and instrumentation

Abstract The paper considers the problem which the diversity of measurement and instrumentation science and technology poses for the teaching of the discipline. It proposes design-orientated teaching of the subject as the solution. Systematic design methodology, which is the basis of such teaching, is briefly reviewed. Principles of design-orientated teaching of measurement and instrumentationare outlined.

Education and training of engineers and scientists in measurement and instrumentation

Abstract The paper reviews problems of education and training in measurement and instrumentation, and the work of IMEKO in this field. Among the principal topics discussed is the nature, scope and organisation of measurement and instrumentation science.

Using software specification methods for measurement instruments: Part I - structured methods

Investigation has been undertaken into the use of software specification methods for instrument systems specification. In the first part of this paper, some of the well-known structured software specification methods are briefly evaluated against a set of criteria we established, in the context of measuring instrument systems. We then conduct a case study in the widely used CORE method. It has been established that CORE can provide systematic and effective support for functional requirement analysis of complex instruments and instrument systems. Its decomposition-based analysis helps to create complete and consistent functional requirement specification.

Validity of measurements obtained by model identification and parameter estimation

Abstract Parameter estimates obtained by identification procedures may or may not be measurements of attributes in the system under study. It is argued that both a valid model and a well-posed identification problem are necessary conditions for such estimates to be considered measurements. Empirical and theoretical methods are presented for testing these conditions. Finally, some possible sources of uncertainty are highlighted and methods for treating this uncertainty are discussed.