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American Journal of Potato Research | 1984

Genetic and environmental control of potato glycoalkaloids

Stephen L. Sinden; L. L. Sanford; R. E. Webb

Genetic and environmental factors that can cause potato tubers and processed products to have excessive glycoalkaloid levels (> 20 mg/100 g fresh wt) are reviewed and discussed. Measures that breeders, growers, processors, and distributors might take to maintain glycoalkaloid levels at their present low levels are suggested.ResumenSe revisan y se discuten los factures genéticos y ambientales que pueden producir niveles excesivos de glicoalcaloides (> 20 mg/100 g de peso fresco) en los tubérculos de papa y los productos procesados. Se sugieren medidas que puedan tomar los fitomejoradores, agricultores, técnicos en procesamiento y distribuidores para mantener bajos los niveles de glicoalcaloides.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1972

Inheritance of potato glycoalkaloids

L. L. Sanford; Stephen L. Sinden

Significant differences in tuber glycoalkaloid (TGA) content were found among parents and among family means in a two year study of 10 tetraploid crosses. TGA contents of the parents ranged from 3.6–36 mg/100 g, with an average content of 10 mg/100 g.Offspring variations within families were generally continuous, indicating polygenic inheritance. Heritability (1-year—1-replicate base) ranged from 86–89% in the broad sense and from 66–84% in the narrow sense. It was concluded that TGA content is highly heritable.The use of parents with high TGA contents in a breeding program is discussed.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1980

Glycoalkaloids and resistance to the Colorado potato beetle inSolanum chacoense Bitter

Stephen L. Sinden; L. L. Sanford; Stanley F. Osman

Resistance of 20 F2Solarium chacoense Bitter clones to the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was measured in a field test. Levels of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) and composición of the glycoalkaloid mixtures in foliage of the clones were also determined. Clones with either commersonine or dehydrocommersonine as the major foliar glycoalkaloid were significantly more resistant (lower damage ratings, fewer larvae and adult insects) than clones with solanine and chaconine. Damage ratings were negatively correlated (r = -0.67, p = 0.01) with foliar TGA levels. The results indicate that the types of glycoalkaloids present in the foliage ofS. chacoense may be as important as the level of TGA in limiting damage and numbers of insects.ResumenResistencia de 20 clones F2 deSolarium chacoense Bitter, al “Colorado potato beetle”,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), se evaluó en una prueba de campo. Asimismo, se determinó niveles de glicoalcaloides totales (TGA) y composición de mezclas de glicoalcaloides en el follaje. Clones con cualquiera de los dos commersonine o dehydrocommersonine como el mayor componente de glicoalcaloide en el follaje fueron significativamente mas resistentes (lecturas bajas de daños, pocas larvas e insectos adultos) que clones con solanine y chaconine. Las lecturas de daño mostraron correlación negativa (r = -0.67, p = 0.01) con los niveles de glicoalcaloides totales en el follaje (GA). Los resultados indicaron que los tipos de glicoalcaloides presentes en el follaje deS. chacoense puede ser tan importante como el nivel de glicoalcaloides totales en la limitación del daño y número de los insectos.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1996

Segregation of leptines and other glycoalkaloids inSolanum tuberosum (4x) ×S. chacoense (4x) crosses

L. L. Sanford; Ruth S. Kobayashi; Kenneth L. Deahl; Stephen L. Sinden

A clone, 8380-1, selected fromSolanum chacoense (PI 458310) for its high foliage content of the leptine glycoalkaloids, a factor in resistance to Colorado potato beetle, was doubled in chromosome number from 2n=2x=24 to 2n=4x=48. Three 4x clones were crossed with sixS. tuberosum (4x) clones. Foliage glycoalkaloid contents were measured for 452 F1 hybrids from 15 crosses. The 4xchacoense parental clones were not different in respect to glycoalkaloid contents and were similar to the original 2x clone. All F1 hybrids synthesized foliage leptines ranging from 9 to 369 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) with a mean content of 113 mg/100 g fw. The proportion of leptines in the total glycoalkaloid content ranged from 1% to 62% with a mean of 25%. The 4xchacoense parent mean leptine content was 1482 mg/ 100 g fw which was 90% of the total glycoalkaloid content. Tubers from 136 hybrids and the threechacoense parental clones were tested for glycoalkaloid contents. The tuber solanine + chaconine contents of the 136 hybrids ranged from 30 to 180 mg/100 g fw with a mean of 79. The mean tuber content of the threechacoense parental clones was 157 mg/100 g fw. Leptines were not found in any of the tubers.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1992

Glycoalkaloid contents in tubers fromSolanum tuberosum populations selected for potato leafhopper resistance

L. L. Sanford; Kenneth L. Deahl; Stephen L. Sinden; T. L. Ladd

Solanum tuberosum L. Gp. Tuberosum populations that had been improved for resistance to potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), by recurrent selection, were analyzed for tuber contents of the glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. The mean content of both glycoalkaloids was significantly higher in the more resistant populations compared with the unselected population. In a population generated from seven cycles of selection for resistance, the mean content of solanine + chaconine was 9.5 mg/100 g fresh weight compared with 4.0 mg/100 g in the original, unselected population; a 137% increase. Kennebec, in the same experiment, averaged 10.9 mg/100 g; Katahdin averaged 4.6 mg/100 g.CompendioPoblaciones deSolanum tuberosum L. Gp. mejoradas por selectión recurrente para la resistencia a la cigarrita de la papaEmpoasca fabae (Harris), fueron analizadas para determinar el contenido en los tubérculos de los glicoalcaloides α-solanina y α-chaconina. El contenido promedio de ambos glicoalcaloides fue significativamente mayor en las poblaciones más resistentes comparado con el de las poblaciones no seleccionadas. En una población generada a partir de siete ciclos de selección para la resistencia, el contenido promedio de solanina más chaconina fue de 9,5 mg/100 g de peso fresco, comparado con 4,0 mg/100 g en la población original no seleccionada, es ducir un incremento de 137%. El contenido promedio de solanina más chaconina de la variedad Kennebec, en el mismo experimento, fue de 10.9 mg/100 g y el de Katahdin fue de 4.6 mg/100 g.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1991

The effect of light intensity on Colorado potato beetle resistance and foliar glycoalkaloid concentration of fourSolanum chacoense clones

Kenneth L. Deahl; William W. Cantelo; Stephen L. Sinden; L. L. Sanford

Controlled environment experiments were used to determine the effect of light intensity on levels of glycoalkaloids and resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, inSolanum chacoense Bitter clones that synthesized acetylated glycoalkaloids, the leptines. Plants were grown under two light intensities, 50 or 250 ώmol m-2S-1, and bioassayed for CPB resistance by placing neonate larvae on excised foliage. Larval development stage and mortality were recorded after four days. The leptine-synthesizing clones responded to the increase in light intensity with a 2–4 fold increase in level of foliar leptines. Larval development rate on foliage from plants grown under high light intensity was reduced and larval mortality increased. Results showed a significant (p>0.05) effect of light on glycoalkaloid synthesis and CPB resistance.CompendioSe realizaron experimentos de ambiente controlado para determinar el efecto de la intensidad de la luz sobre los niveles de glicoalcaloides y la resistencia al escarabajo de la papa de Colorado (EPC),Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, en clones deSolanum chacoense Bitter que sintetizan glicoalcaloides acetilados, las leptinas. Se mantuvo plantas bajo dos intensidades de luz, 50 o 250 ώmol m−2s−1, y se probaron para resistencia al EPC colocando larvas recién emergidas sobre follaje extirpado. Se registraron el estado de desarrollo de las larvas y su mortalidad después de cuatro días. Los clones sintetizadores de leptina respondieron al incremento en la intensidad luminosa con un aumento de 2 a 4 veces en el nivel de leptinas en las hojas. La tasa de desarrollo de las larvas sobre el follaje de plantas que crecieron bajo una alta intensidad luminosa fue reducida, pero la mortalidad de las larvas se incrementó. Los resultados muestran un efecto significativo (p>0,05) de la luz sobre la síntesis de glicoalcaloides y sobre la resistencia al EPC.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1994

Glycoalkaloid content in foliage of hybrid and backcross populations from a Solanum tuberosum × S. chacoense cross

L. L. Sanford; Kenneth L. Deahl; Stephen L. Sinden

The glycoalkaloid contents of tubers were measured in hybrid and back-cross populations derived from a cross ofSolarium chacoense Bitter (PI 472810, 2n=2x=24) withSolanum tuberosum L. (2n=4x=48). In tubers sampled from near the median size in each population and parent, the mean total glycoalkaloid (TGA) contents of theS. chacoense andS. tuberosum parent genotypes, and the F2 and F4 hybrid genotypes were 245, 4, 39, and 35 mg/ 100 g fresh weight (fw), respectively. Backcrossing the F2 genotypes toS. tuberosum reduced the mean TGA content to 15 mg/100 g fw. A second backcross further reduced the content to 9 mg/100 g fw. However, some genotypes in both backcross populations (25% and 10%) had TGA contents above the generally accepted upper limit of 20 mg/100 g fw. Tuber size was significantly smaller in theS. chacoense parent and the hybrid populations compared with the size in theS. tuberosum parent and backcross populations. In a second sampling of tubers from each population, intentionally selected to equalize tuber size among populations, the mean tuber size for populations was reduced by 79%. The mean population TGA content increased by 44%. However, the differences and rankings among parent, hybrid, and backcross populations were the same for both tuber samplings.CompendioSe midieron los contenidos de glicoalcaloides en tubérculos de poblaciones de híbridos y retrocruzamientos obtenidos de un cruzamientos deSolarium chacoense Bitter (PI 472810, 2n=2x=24) withSolanum tuberosum L. (2n=4x=48). En las muestras de tubérculos de tamaño aproximadamente mediano de cada población y progenitor, los contenidos totales promedio de glicoalcaloides (TGA) de los genotipos progenitores deS. chacoense y S. tuberosumy de los genotipos híbridos F2 y F4 fueron 245, 4, 39, y 35 mg/100 g de peso fresco (fw), respectivamente. El retrocruzamiento de los genotipos F2 aS. tuberosum redujo el contenido promedio de TGA a 15 mg/100 g fw. Un segundo retrocruzamiento redujo nuevamente el contenido a 9 mg/ 100 g fw. Sin embargo, algunos genotipos en ambas poblaciones de retrocruzamiento (25% y 10%) tuvieron contenidos de TGA por encima del limite máximo de 20 mg/100 g fw generalmente aceptado. El tamaño de los tubérculos fue significativamente menor en el progenitorS. chacoense y en la poblaciones híbridas en comparación con el tamaño en el progenitor 5.tuberosum y en las poblaciones de retrocruzamiento. En una segunda muestra de tubérculos de cada población, intencionalmente seleccionada para igualar el tamaño de los tubérculos entre las poblaciones, el tamaño promedio de los tubérculos para las poblaciones se redujo aproximadamente en 79%. El promedio del contenido de TGA por población se incrementó alrededor de 44%. Sin embargo, las diferencias y clasificaciones entre progenitores, híbridos y poblaciones de retrocruzamiento fueron las mismas para ambas muestras de tubérculos.


Journal of Chemical Ecology | 1988

Bioassays of segregating plants. A strategy for studying chemical defenses

Stephen L. Sinden; L. L. Sanford; William W. Cantelo; Kenneth L. Deahl

Solanum chacoense is a wild potato species resistant to the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Most genotypes ofS. chacoense synthesize the glycoalkaloids solanine (sol) and chaconine (chac) and are hosts of the beetle. A few rare genotypes have a gene(s) for acetylation of carbon-23 of the steroid aglycone of sol and chac. Laboratory bioassays and replicated field tests of clones differing in the presence or absence of the acetyl moiety showed that acetylation of sol and chac markedly affects the response of both adults and larvae to the foliage. Adult feeding deterrency conferred by acetylated forms of sol and chac (leptines) in leaf-disk preference tests was consistent with the degree of antixenosis measured in the field. Development of larvae on foliage of clones with leptines was also inhibited. The studies support the validity of using laboratory bioassays of plants segregating for levels of a suspected defense compound to determine the role the compound has in defending the plant from attack by an insect predator in the field.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1997

Diploid and tetraploid Solanum chacoense genotypes that synthesize leptine glycoalkaloids and deter feeding by Colorado potato beetle.

L. L. Sanford; Ruth S. Kobayashi; Kenneth L. Deahl; Stephen L. Sinden

A selection (8380-1) fromSolatium chacoense Bitter (2n=2x=24) accession PI 458310 that synthesizes the leptine glycoalkaloids was compared in growth chambers with tetraploid (2n=4x=48) genotypes derived from tissue culture of 8380-1 leaf expiants for plant growth habit, leaf glycoalkaloid content, and effect on the development of Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)] larvae.The plants of the 4x regenerant genotypes were more vigorous with larger, more oval shaped leaflets than 8380-1 plants. The leaf concentrations of leptines and total glycoalkaloids were significantly lower (about 34%) in the 4x genotypes than in 8380-1. The proportion of leptines in the total glycoalkaloid content was nearly the same (about 80%) in both ploidy groups. In leaf-disk feeding tests, the development of Colorado potato beetle neonate larvae was not significantly different for the 2x and 4x genotypes. Both groups significantly slowed development compared with development on cv. Kennebec leaf disks.The 8380-1 selection and a group of 4x 8380-1 regenerant genotypes are maintained in the Vegetable Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 and are available for distribution.CompendioUna selección (8380–1) deSolanum chacoense Bitter (2n=2x=24), entrada PI 458310, que sintetiza los glicoalcaloides de la leptina fue comparada en cámaras de crecimiento con genotipos tetraploides (2n=24=48) derivados del cultivo de tejidos de regenerantes de las hojas de la selección 8380–1 en cuanto a sus hábitos de crecimiento, el contenido de glicoalcaloides en las hojas y su efecto en el desarrollo de las larvas del escarabajo de la papa de Colorado (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Las plantas de los regenerantes de genotipo 4x fueron más vigorosas, con folíolos más grandes y más ovalados, que las plantas 8380–1. Las concentraciones de leptinas y el total de glicoalcaloides de la hoja fueron significativamente menores (alrededor del 34%) en los genotipos 4x que en la selección 8380–1. La proporción de leptinas dentro del contenido total de glicoalcaloides fue casi la misma (aproximadamente 80%) en ambos grupos de ploidia. En las pruebas de alimentatión con discos foliares, el desarrollo de las larvas neonatas del escarabajo de Colorado no tuvo una diferencia significativa para los genotipos 2x y 4x. Ambos grupos tuvieron un desarrollo más lento en comparación con el desarrollo en los discos foliares del cv. Kennebec. La seleccion 8380–1 y un grupo de regenerantes 8380–1 de genotipo 4x son mantenidos en la Laboratorio de Plantas, Centro de Investigatión Agrícola de Beltsville, Beltsville, MD 20705, y están disponibles para su distribución.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1996

Mortality of potato leafhopper adults on synthetic diets containing seven glycoalkaloids synthesized in the foliage of variousSolanum species

L. L. Sanford; J. M. Domek; William W. Cantelo; Ruth S. Kobayashi; Stephen L. Sinden

The glycoalkaloids solanine, chaconine, leptine I, leptine II, solasonine, solamargine, and tomatine, synthesized in the foliage of variousSolanum species, were tested in synthetic diets for their effects on potato leafhopper adults,Empoasca fabae (Harris), at concentrations of 0.03%, 0.09%, and 0.27%. Percent mortality was recorded after a 72 hr feeding period.At the lowest concentration (0.03%), tomatine in the diet resulted in the highest adult mortality (95%) with mortalities ranging from 10% to 41% in the other glycoalkaloid diets. At the highest concentration (0.27%) mortalities ranged from 69% to 100% with no significant (P>.05) differences among the diets.Mortality varied the most among the glycoalkaloid diets at the 0.09% concentration. Chaconine, ubiquitously found with solanine inSolanum tuberosum L., caused significantly (P≤.05) higher mortality (59%) than did solanine (8%). Mortalities with solasonine and solamargine in the diets (55% and 54%, respectively) were not significantly (P>.05) different from the mortality with chaconine in the diet. Including leptines I and II in diets resulted in lower mortalities (28% and 30%, respectively). Mortality was significantly (P≤.05) the highest (97%) with tomatine in the diet.CompendioLos glicoalcaloides solanina, chaconina, leptina I, leptina II, solasonina, solamargina y tomatina, que son sintetizados en el follaje de varias especies deSolanum, fueron probados en dietas sintéticas para medir sus efectos en los saltahojas adultos de la papa,Empoasca fabae Harris, en concentraciones de 0.03%, 0.09% y 0.27%. El porcentaje de mortalidad fue registrado luego de un período de alimentación de 72 horas.La tomatina de la dieta a la concentración más baja (0.03%) produjo el porcentaje de mortalidad más alto de adultos (95%), mientras que la mortalidad producida por las dietas de otros glicoalcaloides varió entre 10% y 41%. A la concentración más alta (0.27%) el rango de mortalidad fluctuó entre 69% y 100%, sin diferencias significativas (P>05) entre las dietas.Hubo mayor variation en el porcentaje de mortalidad cuando se usaron dietas con glicoalcaloides en una concentración de 0.09%. La chaconina, que se encuentra siempre junto con la solanina enSolanum tuberosum L., causó una mortalidad (59%) significativamente mayor (P>.05) que la de la solanina (8%). La mortalidad ocasionada por las dietas con solasonina y solamargina (55% y 54%, respectivamente) no mostró diferencias significativas (P>.05) en comparación con la mortalidad ocasionada por la chaconina. La inclusion de las leptinas I y II en las dietas dio como resultado menores porcentajes de mortalidad (28% y 30%, respectivamente). Este porcentaje fue significativamente mayor (P<.05) en la dieta con tomatina.

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Stephen L. Sinden

United States Department of Agriculture

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Kenneth L. Deahl

Agricultural Research Service

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T. L. Ladd

Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center

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William W. Cantelo

United States Department of Agriculture

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Catherine M. Ronning

United States Department of Agriculture

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Stanley P. Kowalski

United States Department of Agriculture

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John R. Stommel

United States Department of Agriculture

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R. E. Webb

United States Department of Agriculture

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J. P. Sleesman

Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center

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