L.R.A. Bittencourt

Association between body mass index and sleep duration assessed by objective methods in a representative sample of the adult population

INTRODUCTION Sleep duration has been associated with overweight individuals in many epidemiological studies; however, few studies have assessed sleep using objective methods. Our study was designed to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and sleep duration measured by actigraphy (Acti), polysomnography (PSG) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire (PSQIO). Furthermore, we evaluated other biochemical and polysomnographic parameters. METHODS A representative sample of 1042 individuals from Sao Paulo, Brazil, including both genders (20-80 yrs), participated in our protocol. Weight and other anthropometric parameters were measured at the onset of the study. Sleep duration was calculated by Acti, PSG, and the PSQIQ. The population was sorted by sleep duration, body, slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep (REMS) duration subsets. In addition, other biochemical and polysomnographic parameters were analyzed. Differences between population subsets were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Linear regression analysis was performed between sleep and anthropometric parameters. RESULTS Shorter sleep duration was associated with higher BMI and waist and neck circumference when measured by Acti and PSG (p<0.05). Lower leptin levels were associated with short sleep in normal-weight (BMI>18 and ⩽25) individuals (p<0.01). The association between short sleep duration Acti and higher BMI was present when apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was less than 15 (p=0.049). Shorter REMS and SWS also were associated with higher BMI (p<0.01). Normal-weight individuals tended to sleep longer, have higher sleep efficiency and longer SWS and REMS than obese individuals (Acti, PSG; p=0.05). Sleep duration was negatively correlated with BMI (Acti, PSG; p<0.05). Short SWS and REMS were associated with higher cardiovascular risk factors (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Shorter sleep, SWS, and REMS duration were associated with higher BMI, central adiposity measurements, and cardiovascular risk factors when measured by objective methods.

Gender and age differences in polysomnography findings and sleep complaints of patients referred to a sleep laboratory

Our objective was to examine the effet of gender on the sleep pattern of patients referred to a sleep laboratory. The data (questionnaires and polysomnographic recordings) were collected from a total of 2365 patients (1550 men and 815 women). The polysomnography permits an objective assessment of the sleep pattern. We included only polysomnography exams obtained with no more than one recording system in order to permit normalization of the data. Men had a significantly higher body mass index than women (28.5 +/- 4.8 vs 27.7 +/- 6.35 kg/m(2)) and had a significantly higher score on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (10.8 +/- 5.3 vs 9.5 +/- 6.0), suggesting daytime sleepiness. Women had a significantly higher sleep latency than men, as well as a higher rapid eye movement (REM) latency. Men spent more time in stages 1 (4.6 +/- 4.1 vs 3.9 +/- 3.8) and 2 (57.0 +/- 10.5 vs 55.2 +/- 10.1) of non-REM sleep than women, whereas women spent significantly more time in deep sleep stages (3 and 4) than men (22.6 +/- 9.0 vs 19.9 +/- 9.0). The apnea/hypopnea and arousal indexes were significantly higher and more frequent in men than in women (31.0 +/- 31.5 vs 17.3 +/- 19.7). Also, periodic leg movement index did not differ significantly between genders, but rather differed among age groups. We did not find significant differences between genders in the percentage of REM sleep and sleep efficiency. The results of the current study suggest that there are specific gender differences in sleep pattern.

Does the reproductive cycle influence sleep patterns in women with sleep complaints

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate how prominent gynecological factors (regular/irregular menstrual cycle, premenstrual complaints, or menopause) can influence both subjective and objective sleep data. Methods A total of 931 women who sought clinical assistance because of a sleep complaint were included in the investigation. All subjects filled out a sleep and gynecological questionnaire prior to undergoing a polysomnography (PSG) recording. Results Premenopausal women with an irregular menstrual cycle were more likely to report sleep difficulties (related to falling sleep and insomnia symptoms) than those with a regular cycle (odds ratio 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.2–3.5). These women showed increased light sleep stages and awakenings. Premenstrual complaints were reported by a higher percentage of women with periodic leg movement, lower time in saturation under 90%, and higher sleep efficiency. A lower percentage of women who took hormonal contraceptives reported snoring, had fewer arousals and longer REM latency compared to those not taking hormonal contraceptives. Menopausal women with hot flushes had more restless leg complaints. Awake time was shorter in hormone therapy users compared with non-users. Women with menopause are more likely to have an apnea–hypoapnea index greater than 5/h. Conclusion The present findings suggest that gynecological status is associated with subjective sleep quality and objective sleep parameters in women with sleep complaints.

Systematic head and neck physical examination as a predictor of obstructive sleep apnea in class III obese patients

Our aim was to determine if anatomical abnormalities of the upper airway (UA) and facial skeleton of class III severely obese patients are related to the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Forty-five patients (69% females, mean age 46.5 +/- 10.8 years) with a body mass index (BMI) over 40 kg/m(2) underwent UA and facial skeletal examinations as well as polysomnography. Mean BMI was 49 +/- 7 kg/m(2) and mean neck circumference was 43.4 +/- 5.1 cm. Polysomnographic findings showed that 22% had a normal apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and 78% had an AHI over 5. The presence of OSAS was associated with younger age (P = 0.02), larger neck circumference (P = 0.004), presence of a voluminous lateral wall (P = 0.0002), posteriorized soft palate (P = 0.0053), thick soft palate (P = 0.0014), long uvula (P = 0.04), thick uvula (P = 0.0052), and inferior turbinate hypertrophy (P = 0.04). A larger neck circumference (P = 0.02), presence of a voluminous lateral wall (P = 0.04), posteriorized soft palate (P = 0.03), and thick soft palate (P = 0.04) were all associated with OSAS severity. The prevalence of OSAS in this group was high. A larger neck circumference and soft tissue abnormalities of the UA were markers for both the presence and severity of OSAS. Conversely, no abnormalities in the facial skeleton were associated with OSAS in patients with morbid obesity.

Effect of therapeutic massage on insomnia and climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women

ABSTRACT Introduction Physiological and psychological alterations in the climacteric period frequently influence womens quality of life. Hot flushes, nocturia, mood alterations, respiratory disturbances, insomnia and restless leg syndrome all affect sleep, and the altered hormonal state in this period impacts the aging process. As hormonal therapy is not indicated in some cases, the search for complementary therapies, such as massage therapy, to improve insomnia in the climacteric period is increasing. Objective To evaluate the effect of therapeutic massage on insomnia and climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women. Methods Forty-four volunteers were randomly distributed into three groups: therapeutic massage (TM), passive movement (PM) and control (CTL). The women received 32 therapeutic massage sessions and passive movement twice a week. Questionnaires were given in the pre-trial and the 16th and 32nd sessions. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Menopause Quality of Life questionnaire (MENQOL), Kupperman Menopausal Index and Lipp Symptoms of Stress Inventory were assessed. In addition, the women underwent polysomnography at baseline and post-treatment. Statistical analyses were calculated using Friedman and Wilcoxon non-parametric tests. The level of significance was fixed at p ≤ 0.05. Results There was an improvement in ISI in the TM group (p = 0.000) and in the PM group (p = 0.001). A decrease in the BDI occurred in the TM group (p = 0.004), and the MENQOL improved in the TM group (p = 0.015). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in polysomnography parameters in the TM group, with only an increase in minimal saturation (p = 0.053). Conclusion The TM group exhibited improved subjective data considering the changes in symptoms according to the ISI and the MENQOL and a decrease in symptoms according to the BDI.

Sleep pattern in women with menstrual pain

BACKGROUND Menstrual pain is a common problem in women of reproductive age and often interferes with the ability to work and with general well-being. Because painful conditions frequently affect sleep, we investigated the impact of this menstrual disorder on sleep patterns in adult women. Additionally, we examined whether medications used to alleviate menstrual pain promoted changes in sleep. METHODS According to their hormone profiles and menstrual histories, a total sample of 24 women (25-48 years old) who were experiencing their menstrual periods on the day of the polysomnogram (PSG) were included in the study. All of the participants answered questions regarding the presence of menstrual pain and use of medication. RESULTS Menstrual pain was reported by 66.6% of the women on the night of the PSG. No marked effects were observed on the sleep pattern of these subjects compared with women without menstrual pain. The use of medication did not promote significant changes in the sleep pattern. None of the women were taking oral contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS The presence of menstrual pain or the use of medication to alleviate pain did not significantly alter sleep patterns. Thus, the results suggest that the presence of self-described menstrual pain does not affect sleep patterns in adult women.

Does menopause influence nocturnal awakening with headache

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of the present study was to assess whether menopausal status influences the occurrence of nocturnal awakening with headache (NAH) in the female population of Sao Paulo, Brazil. We also examined the relationship of this complaint to sociodemographic determinants, hot flushes, sleep quality and parameters, anxiety and depressive symptoms, somnolence and fatigue according to menopausal status. Methods The female population of the Sao Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study (EPISONO) (n = 576) was divided according to menopausal status (pre-, peri-, early and late menopause) based on questionnaires and hormonal blood measures. The complaint of waking up because of a headache at least once a week was assessed by the UNIFESP Sleep questionnaire. Additionally, hot flushes, sleep complaints, anxiety and depressive symptoms, somnolence and fatigue were assessed by specific questionnaires. A full-night polysomnography assessed sleep parameters. Results The prevalence of NAH in women in the Sao Paulo population was 13.3%. Perimenopause was associated with a higher risk of having NAH (odds ratio 13.9; 95% confidence interval 4.3–45.2). More complaints of NAH were observed in obese women. All the groups with NAH showed more hot flushes, worse subjective sleep quality, more complaints of insomnia, anxiety symptoms and fatigue. Conclusions We observed a constellation of symptoms in women according to menopausal status and NAH that included hot flushes, sleep complaints, more anxiety symptoms and fatigue. Moreover, some of these symptoms were more frequent in perimenopausal women with NAH. Therefore, we concluded that menopausal status influences NAH and the women in perimenopause presented a high risk of having this complaint.

Orofacial-cervical alterations in individuals with upper airway resistance syndrome

INTRODUCTION Studies that assess the upper airways in sleep-related breathing disorders have been performed only in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who seek medical attention. Therefore, in addition to the need for population studies, there are no data on the orofacial-cervical physical examination in subjects with upper airway resistance syndrome. OBJECTIVES To compare the orofacial-cervical examination between volunteers with upper airway resistance syndrome and without sleep-related breathing disorders. METHODS Through questionnaires, physical measurements, polysomnography, and otorhinolaryngological evaluation, this study compared the orofacial-cervical physical examination, through a systematic analysis of the facial skeleton, mouth, throat, and nose, between volunteers with upper airway resistance syndrome and volunteers without sleep-related breathing disorders in a representative sample of the adult population of the city of São Paulo. RESULTS There were 1042 volunteers evaluated; 49 subjects (5%) were excluded as they did not undergo otorhinolaryngological evaluation, 381 (36%) had apnea-hypopnea index>5 events/hour, and 131 (13%) had oxyhemoglobin saturation<90%. Among the remaining 481 subjects (46%), 30 (3%) met the criteria for the upper airway resistance syndrome definition and 53 (5%) met the control group criteria. At the clinical evaluation of nasal symptoms, the upper airway resistance syndrome group had more oropharyngeal dryness (17% vs. 29.6%; p=0.025) and septal deviation grades 1-3 (49.1% vs. 57.7%; p=0.025) when compared to controls. In the logistic regression model, it was found that individuals from the upper airway resistance syndrome group had 15.6-fold higher chance of having nose alterations, 11.2-fold higher chance of being hypertensive, and 7.6-fold higher chance of complaining of oropharyngeal dryness when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Systematic evaluation of the facial skeleton, mouth, throat, and nose, between volunteers with upper airway resistance syndrome and volunteers without sleep-related breathing disorders, showed that the presence of upper airway resistance syndrome is mainly associated with nasal alterations and oropharyngeal dryness, in addition to the risk of hypertension, regardless of gender and obesity.

Musculoskeletal pain and the reproductive life stage in women: is there a relationship?

ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate the association between reproductive life stage, pain perception and musculoskeletal pain complaint in a representative sample of women from São Paulo, Brazil. Methods A population-based survey was carried out with 574 women who were classified as being in the premenopausal or postmenopausal stage. They answered questions about pain perception and musculoskeletal pain. Follicle stimulating hormone was collected to confirm menopausal condition along with clinical evaluation. Results In the whole sample, we found a prevalence of 56% for pain perception and 20.2% for complaints of musculoskeletal pain. Regarding the topography of musculoskeletal pain, the distributions were similar among the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups. No significant association was found between reproductive life stage and pain perception, as 58.1% of the premenopausal group and 52.0% of the postmenopausal group reported pain. Similarly, there was no significant association between menopausal stage and musculoskeletal pain, as 19.5% and 21.6% of the premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively, complained of musculoskeletal pain. There was no significant association of postmenopausal stage (early or late) with pain perception or musculoskeletal pain. The use of analgesics was significantly higher in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women (p < 0.001). Conclusion A high prevalence of pain was found in women from the city of São Paulo. However, neither the presence of musculoskeletal pain nor pain perception were associated with the reproductive life stage, showing that both parameters was independent from the menopausal status in the studied women.

The beneficial effects of massage therapy for insomnia in postmenopausal women

With increases life expectancy, the incidence of undesirable manifestations of menopause has increased as well. The effects of lost ovarian function include progressive decrease in estradiol secretion, trophic changes in the breast, vasomotor symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. Insomnia, which has physiological consequences and can result in a loss of quality of life, is prevalent in women after menopause. Hormone therapy has been widely used to reduce menopausal symptoms, but its use in recent years has been questioned because of the reported risks of cardiovascular events and increased incidence of tumors. This controversy has generated significant interest in non-hormonal treatments among both physicians and patients. Our previous research has shown a positive effect of massage therapy on menopausal symptoms. We explored the hypothesis that massage therapy would produce beneficial effects in postmenopausal women through inflammatory and immunological changes. Recent results from self-report questionnaires have shown improvements in sleep pattern and quality of life following massage therapy. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of massage therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, particularly insomnia, and indicate that it is a promising line of research.