L. Vargas

Conyza bonariensis biotypes resistant to the glyphosate in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT - Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used for over 20 years to control weeds inRio Grande do Sul. Horseweed ( Conyza bonariensis ) is a common weed in Rio Grande do Sulandtraditionallysensitive toglyphosate.However,during the lastyears,some horseweed plantshavenotshownsignificantinjurysymptomsaftertreatmentwithglyphosate,suggestingthattheyareresistanttothisherbicide.Aimingtoevaluatetheresponseof apopulationof horseweedplantsto glyphosate, one field and twogreenhouse experiments were carried out. The field experimenttreatmenthadincreasingratesofglyphosate(0,360,720,1,440,2,880and5,760 g ha -1 ),andalsotheherbicidesparaquatand2,4-Dasstandards.Thegreenhouseexperimentshadincreasingratesofglyphosate (0, 360, 720, 1,440, 2,880 and 5,760 g ha -1 ) plus the above listed check herbicidessprayed on biotypes considered resistantand on plants of one susceptible biotype. Inthe secondgreenhouse experiment, the treatments were increasing rates of glyphosate (720, 1,440 and 1 Recebido para publicacao em 9.1.2007 e na forma revisada em 31.8.2007.

Resistance of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) to glyphosate

2 , VARGAS, L. 3 , RIZZARDI, M.A. 4 e MATTEI , R.W. 5 RESUMO - O azevem e uma graminea de ciclo anual, constituindo-se com frequencia em planta infestante em lavouras de trigo do Rio Grande do Sul. Em experimentos realizados em casa de vegetacao e no campo, foi avaliada a suscetibilidade de dois biotipos de azevem ao herbicida glyphosate, bem como a eficiencia de herbicidas de acao total na dessecacao de Lolium multiflorum para a semeadura direta de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado em casa de vegetacao e de blocos ao acaso em campo, com tres e quatro repeticoes, respectivamente. Foram avaliados herbicidas com mecanismos de acao distintos em diferentes doses: glyphosate, glufosinate, clethodim, haloxyfop-r e diclofop, paraquat e paraquat + diuron. Os resultados, em casa de vegetacao, evidenciam que o biotipo sensivel e totalmente controlado com glyphosate na dose de 360 g e.a. ha -1 e que doses de ate 1.440 g e.a. ha -1 nao afetam significativamente o acumulo de materia seca do biotipo resistente e produzem toxicidade inferior a 15% sobre este. Ja as doses entre 1.440 e 5.760 g e.a. ha -1 de glyphosate reduzem significativamente a producao de materia seca e resultam em toxicidade inferior a 45%. Em campo, os melhores controles de azevem foram propiciados pelos tratamentos clethodim (79,2 g ha -1 ) e diuron + paraquat (300 + 600 g ha -1 ), que nao diferiram entre si. Assim, evidencia-se que a populacao de Lolium multiflorum avaliada neste trabalho e constituida predominantemente de um biotipo resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima EPSPs. Palavras-chave: herbicida, resistencia, dessecacao, EPSPs. ABSTRACT - Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is cultivated as forage and/or cover crop in no-till system. However, it is also a serious weed in wheat and other winter cereals in Southern Brazil. Experiments were conducted at greenhouse and field conditions to evaluate the susceptibility of two ryegrass biotype to glyphosate as well as the efficacy of other herbicides on the post- emergence control of the species for sowing wheat under no-till system. The experimental design was a completely randomized design for the greenhouse experiment and a completely randomized block design for the field experiment. Herbicides with different mechanisms of action were evaluated on the weed control: glyphosate, glufosinate, clethodim, haloxyfop-r and diclofop, paraquat and paraquat+diuron. The results obtained under greenhouse conditions indicated the glyphosate susceptible biotype was controlled by the rate of 360 g e.a. ha -1 . The resistant ryegrass biotype had no reduction in dry matter production and less than 15 % phytotoxicity caused by glyphosate up to 1,440 g e.a. ha -1 . However, glyphosate rates between 1440 and 5,760 g e.a. ha -1 , respectively. The results obtained in these studies indicated that the population was composed predominantly by a biotype resistant to EPSPs inhibitor herbicides.

Potencial competitivo de biótipos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the competitiveness of ryegrass biotypes resistant and susceptible to glyphosate, as well as their interference in wheat growth at different densities. At harvesting, 50 days after emergence, tillering, height, and leaf area of ryegrass plants were evaluated and shoot and roots of ryegrass and wheat were collected and their root, stalk and leaf dry mass was determined. Based on the data, the following variables were evaluated for ryegrass and wheat: crop growth rate (TCC = MSA/Ndays), with MSA being shoot dry mass and Ndays the number of days between emergence and plant harvesting; specific leaf area (SLA = Af /MSf),with Af being the leaf area and MSf leaf dry mass; and leaf area index (IAF = Af/St), St being soil area, indicating leaf area per soil area. Plant height, dry mass and leaf area of the susceptible ryegrass showed smaller reductions and better phenotypic plasticity, in function of the increasing density per soil area, compared to the resistant one. The susceptible biotype showed to be more competitive and its interference in wheat development was more visible at lower densities. It was concluded that the susceptible ryegrass biotype is more competitive than the resistant one.

Identificação de biótipos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate em pomares de maçã

Glyphosate is a wide spectrum herbicide used for over 15 years in apple orchards in Vacaria-RS for weed control in rows of trees. Usually, 3 to 4 applications per year are made at a rate of 720 to 1080 g a.e. glyphosate ha-1 (2 to 3 L ha-1 of commercial product). Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is a common weed in orchards and traditionally sensitive to glyphosate. However, in the last years, some ryegrass plants have not been found to show significant toxicity symptoms after treatment with glyphosate, suggesting that they acquired resistance to this product. To evaluate the response of a ryegrass plant population to glyphosate, one field and two greenhouse experiments were carried out. The field experiment treatments had increasing rates of glyphosate (0; 360; 720; 1,440; 2,880; 5,760 and 11,520 g a.e. ha-1), in addition to the herbicides paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, haloxyfop and diclofop-methyl as standards, sprayed at two different vegetative growth stages of ryegrass. The greenhouse experiments had increasing rates of glyphosate (0; 360; 720; 1,440; 2,880 and 5,760 g a.e. ha-1) plus the above listed check herbicides sprayed on biotypes considered resistant and on plants of one susceptible biotype. In the second greenhouse experiment, glyphosate rates (720; 1,440; 2,880; 720 + 720 and 720 + 1,440 g a.e. ha-1) were sprayed in single and sequential applications, in addition to the herbicides paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, haloxyfop, clethodim, sethoxydim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, paraquat + diuron, atrazine + simazine, trifluralin, and metolachlor. Toxicicity to the herbicides was assessed at 15, 30 and 45 DAT (days after treatment). Overall, the field and greenhouse experiment results showed that the susceptible biotype is easily controlled by glyphosate and by the other postemergence herbicides tested, independent of the vegetative growth stage. In addition, the results showed that the resistant biotype, similarly to the susceptible biotype, is highly sensitive to herbicides with mode of action differing from that of glyphosate. However, the resistant biotype presents low response to glyphosate, even if used in high rates, showing that some biotypes acquired resistance to this product.

Glyphosate translocation in hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) biotypes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the translocation of glyphosate in C. bonariensis plants resistant and susceptible to that herbicide. The 14C-glyphosate was mixed with commercial gyhphosate (800 g ha-1) and applied on the center of the adaxial face of a third node leaf, using a micro syringe, and adding 10 µL of a solution with specific activity of 1,400 Bq, 45 days after plant emergence. The concentration of the glyphosate translocated in the plant was evaluated at time intervals of 6, 12, 36 and 72 hours after being applied on the application leaf, stem, roots and leaves. Ten hours after treatment application, the distribution of the product in the application leaf, divided into base, center and apex, was also evaluated by measuring the radiation emitted by 14C-glyphosate in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Greater glyphosate retention was observed in the resistant biotype leaf, approximately 90% of the total absorbed up to 72 hours. In the susceptible biotype, this value was close to 70% in the same period. Susceptible biotype leaves, stem and roots showed greater concentration of glyphosate, indicating greater translocation efficiency in this biotype. In the resistant biotype, the herbicide accumulated in greater quantity at the apex and center of the application leaf, while in the susceptible biotype greater accumulation was observed at the base and center leaf. Thus, it can be stated that the resistance mechanism is related to the differential translocation of this herbicide in the biotypes.

Translocação do glyphosate em biótipos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum)

This work evaluated foliar absorption and glyphosate translocation in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) susceptible and resistant biotypes, 14C-glyphosate was applied by using a precision micro syringe, and adding 10 µL of solution on the adaxial side of the first leaf with ligule totally visible, when Italian ryegrass plants showed 3 tillers. The quantity of glyphosate absorbed and translocated was evaluated through a liquid scintilation spectrometer by measuring radiation emitted by 14C-glyphosate at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 hours after application. The roots and aerial part were analyzed as well as the leaf where application was performed and the solution used to wash the leaf. Glyphosate absorption speed was similar in both Italian ryegrass biotypes, with over 50% of herbicide absorption in the first 8 hours after application. Up to 64 hours, higher retention (81.64%)of glyphosate was observed in the resistant biotype, while only 55% was retained in the susceptible biotype. In the remaining aerial part and roots, a higher amount of glyphosate was absorbed by the susceptible biotype, indicating higher capacity of its translocation. After 64 hours of application, only 6%, of glyphosate was found in the plants, on average indicating that most of the product could be exuded. It could be concluded that Italian ryegrass sensitivity to glyphosate can be attributed to higher translocation capacity of this herbicide by susceptible biotypes.

Manejo de Conyza bonariensis resistente ao herbicida glyphosate

Horseweed (Conyza bonariensis), which belongs to the Asteraceae family, is a weed species widely spread in Brazil. Horseweed biotypes resistant to glyphosate, the main herbicide used in Roundup Ready soybean fields, were identified in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Parana. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different winter and pre-sowing management techniques on soybean plant population of C. bonariensis resistant to glyphosate. The results showed that the population of C. bonariensis is larger in areas maintained fallow than in areas planted with wheat or oats during the winter. Wheat and oats were found to exert a suppressive effect on the population of C. bonariensis, providing greater ease of control with herbicide before seeding in the culture used in succession. The control of glyphosate-resistant C. bonariensis was satisfactory when post-emergence herbicides were used in wheat crop and glyphosate and 2,4-D or glyphosate paraquat diuron in pre-planting soybeans.

Effect of cardinal temperature and water potential on morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) seed germination.

This work aimed to assess the effect of temperature and moisture on the germination and emergence of morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) and to determine the effect of water potential and temperature on seed germination and hypocotyl and radicle elongation. Thermoperiods of 9.3 and 5 (7.5); 14.3 and 10 (12.5); 19.3 and 15 (17.5); 24.3 and 20 (22.5); 29.3 and 25 (27.5); 34.3 and 30 (32.5); 39.2 and 35 (37.5) and 44.2 and 40 (42.5) and 49.2 and 45 (47.5) oC, which alternated for 14 and 10 hours, and water potentials of 0, -0.03, -0.06, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa were evaluated. The germination of morning glory seeds occurred through temperature and water potential interaction whereas radicle and hypocotyl elongation was triggered by temperature. With regard to germination, the parameters of the model used to estimate cardinal temperatures and the baseline water potential were determined by probit analysis. As to elongation processes, cardinal temperatures were calculated by linear regression and their responses to temperature were described by a second-order regression equation. The mathematical models described the processes of seed germination and of hypocotyl and radicle elongation of this species as a function of hydrothermal time and temperature, respectively.

Competitive ability of barley cultivars against ryegrass

Characterization of the competitive ability of barley varieties against weed species is relevant for the adoption of the cultural method of weed control; thus, it is possible to reduce both the production costs and environmental impacts caused by other management methods, including the use of chemicals. This work assessed the competitive ability of barley varieties against ryegrass. Trials were installed under greenhouse conditions at the 2008/2009 cropping season, in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a substitution series design constituted by five proportions of plants of both species: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0:100. Barley varieties BRS Greta, BRS Elis and BRS 225 were tested against ryegrass as the competitor. The competitive analysis was carried out through diagrams applied to the substitutive design, plus determination of relative competitiveness indexes. Plant height, tillering, leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated. The presence of ryegrass reduced tillering, leaf area and dry mass accumulation for all varieties of barley tested, showing to be an aggressive competitor. Among the barley varieties tested, BRS Elis showed the highest competitive ability against ryegrass. Ryegrass requires the adoption of control techniques even when present at low proportions in the field.Characterization of the competitive ability of barley varieties against weed species is relevant for the adoption of the cultural method of weed control; thus, it is possible to reduce both the production costs and environmental impacts caused by other management methods, including the use of chemicals. This work assessed the competitive ability of barley varieties against ryegrass. Trials were installed under greenhouse conditions at the 2008/2009 cropping season, in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a substitution series design constituted by five proportions of plants of both species: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0:100. Barley varieties BRS Greta, BRS Elis and BRS 225 were tested against ryegrass as the competitor. The competitive analysis was carried out through diagrams applied to the substitutive design, plus determination of relative competitiveness indexes. Plant height, tillering, leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated. The presence of ryegrass reduced tillering, leaf area and dry mass accumulation for all varieties of barley tested, showing to be an aggressive competitor. Among the barley varieties tested, BRS Elis showed the highest competitive ability against ryegrass. Ryegrass requires the adoption of control techniques even when present at low proportions in the field.

Habilidade competitiva relativa de milhã em convivência com arroz irrigado e soja

The objective of this work was to compare the relative competitive ability of crabgrass with flooded rice and soybean crops. Five experiments were performed in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of plant proportions of crabgrass, flooded rice or soybean (at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100%). Leaf area and shoot dry weight were evaluated at 45 days after emergence. The competition between crabgrass and flooded rice or soybean occurs for the same environment resources. Crabgrass plants have a lower individual competitive ability than flooded rice and soybean, when they occur in the same proportion of plants. When flooded rice or soybean are associated with crabgrass, the intraspecific competition dominates, while for the weed the interspecific competition prevails as the most harmful.