Lana Boodhoo

Diazepam or midazolam for external DC cardioversion (The DORM Study)

AIMS To compare the clinical efficacy and tolerability of two intravenous sedatives for physician-led DC cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and forty-one patients attending for elective DC cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias were randomized to intravenous midazolam or diazepam. Sedation was administered using titration protocols. Procedure times, operator satisfaction scores and adverse events were documented. The patients immediate, 24- and 48-h recall and awareness of after-effects were obtained from questionnaires. Seventy-one patients received midazolam (mean 12.5 mg) and 70 patients received diazepam (mean 28.1 mg). There were 16 minor adverse events with midazolam (20% hypotension, 3% oxygen desaturation) and nine with diazepam (7% hypotension, 6% required additional analgesia), P = 0.14. There were no major adverse events. Sedation time was 5.0 +/- 3.4 min for midazolam and 6.5 +/- 3.4 min for diazepam (P = 0.0016). Patients awoke 77 +/- 46 min post-sedation with midazolam and 39 +/- 24 min with diazepam (P < 0.0001). There was no recall of the procedure at 48 h and no difference in awareness of after-effects between the two groups at 24 or 48 h, P = ns. CONCLUSION Physician-led cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias using intravenous sedation is effective and well tolerated. Sedation with diazepam was associated with fewer minor adverse events and a quicker recovery time than midazolam.

Improving the acceptability of the atrial defibrillator: patient-activated cardioversion versus automatic night cardioversion with and without sedation (ADSAS 2).

Acceptability of the atrial defibrillator is partly limited by concerns about shock related anxiety and discomfort. Sedation and/or automatic cardioversion therapy during sleep may ease shock discomfort and improve patient acceptability. Three atrial cardioversion techniques were compared: patient‐activated cardioversion with sedation, automatic night cardioversion with sedation, and automatic night cardioversion without sedation. Sedation was oral midazolam (15 mg). Fifteen patients aged 60 ± 13 years were assigned each strategy randomly for three consecutive episodes of persistent atrial fibrillation requiring cardioversion. Patients completed questionnaires for multiple parameters immediately and again at 24 hours postcardioversion.

Psychosocial aspects of patient-activated atrial defibrillation.

Introduction: The atrial defibrillator empowers patients to cardiovert themselves from atrial arrhythmias at a time that is socially and physically acceptable, thereby preventing hospitalization. The long‐term psychosocial effects of repeated use of the patient‐activated atrial defibrillator at home are unknown.

The relationship between high-frequency right ventricular pacing and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation burden

AIMS Right ventricular pacing increases the risk of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in the long term. The effects of right ventricular pacing on paroxysmal AF (PAF) are unknown. The aim was to examine the effect of right ventricular pacing on AF burden (AFB) in patients with symptomatic drug-resistant PAF. Pooled analysis of pacemaker-derived counters and AF diagnostic data from the Atrial Fibrillation Therapy (AFT) and Pacemaker Atrial Fibrillation Suppression (PAFS) randomized anti-AF pacemaker algorithm trials were used. METHODS AND RESULTS Five hundred and fifty-four patients from the AFT (n = 372) and PAFS (n = 182) were studied. The individual percentages of pacing, Atrial Sense Ventricular Pace (ASVP), Atrial Pace Ventricular Pace (APVP), and Atrial Pace Ventricular Sense (APVS) as well as total ventricular pacing during synchronous rhythm (VPinSR, %) were examined for an effect on AFB. Three hundred and twenty-one (AFT, age 64 +/- 11, 55% male) and 79 (PAFS, age 71 +/- 8, 54% male) patients had complete data for analysis. Increased VPinSR was weakly associated with an increased AFB (effect size-10% VPinSR increased AFB by only 0.03%) in AFT (P = 0.04) but not PAFS (P = 0.98) or the pooled analysis (P = 0.95). None of the synchronous paced modalities (ASVP, APVP, APVS) significantly increased AFB compared with sinus rhythm (Atrial Sense Ventricular Sense) (P = ns). CONCLUSION No pacing modality, atrial or ventricular, had a significant effect on AFB. On the basis of these data, the detrimental effect of high-frequency right ventricular pacing on AFB in paced PAF patients, unlike with persistent AF, appears to be minimal in the short term.

The Effect of Bipole Tip‐to‐Ring Distance in Atrial Electrodes upon Atrial Tachyarrhythmia Sensing Capability in Modern Dual‐Chamber Pacemakers

Introduction: Accurate atrial arrhythmia discrimination is important for dual chamber pacemakers and defibrillators. The aim was to assess the accuracy of atrial arrhythmia recording using modern devices and relate this to atrial tip‐to‐ring (TTR) distance.