Larissa Alexsandra da Silva Neto Trajano

Low power lasers on genomic stability

Exposure of cells to genotoxic agents causes modifications in DNA, resulting to alterations in the genome. To reduce genomic instability, cells have DNA damage responses in which DNA repair proteins remove these lesions. Excessive free radicals cause DNA damages, repaired by base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair pathways. When non-oxidative lesions occur, genomic stability is maintained through checkpoints in which the cell cycle stops and DNA repair occurs. Telomere shortening is related to the development of various diseases, such as cancer. Low power lasers are used for treatment of a number of diseases, but they are also suggested to cause DNA damages at sub-lethal levels and alter transcript levels from DNA repair genes. This review focuses on genomic and telomere stabilization modulation as possible targets to improve therapeutic protocols based on low power lasers. Several studies have been carried out to evaluate the laser-induced effects on genome and telomere stabilization suggesting that exposure to these lasers modulates DNA repair mechanisms, telomere maintenance and genomic stabilization. Although the mechanisms are not well understood yet, low power lasers could be effective against DNA harmful agents by induction of DNA repair mechanisms and modulation of telomere maintenance and genomic stability.

Genomic stability and telomere regulation in skeletal muscle tissue

Muscle injuries are common, especially in sports and cumulative trauma disorder, and their repair is influenced by free radical formation, which causes damages in lipids, proteins and DNA. Oxidative DNA damages are repaired by base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, ensuring telomeric and genomic stability. There are few studies on this topic in skeletal muscle cells. This review focuses on base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, telomere regulation and how telomeric stabilization influences healthy muscle, injured muscle, exercise, and its relationship with aging. In skeletal muscle, genomic stabilization and telomere regulation seem to play an important role in tissue health, influencing muscle injury repair. Thus, therapies targeting mechanisms of DNA repair and telomeric regulation could be new approaches for improving repair and prevention of skeletal muscle injuries in young and old people.

Challenges of Airway Management in EmergencySituations: A Literature Review

The management of the airways in emergency situations is considered one of the main life-saving acts [1]. According to Advanced Trauma Life Support recommendations for the management of patients with life-threatening injuries, airway protection is the first intervention [2]. Endotracheal intubation is the technique of choice because it is a fast, more frequently successful procedure and allows the use of a larger tube [1,2]. They are indications for endotracheal intubation and emergency: maintenance of airway permeability, respiratory failure unrelated to upper airway obstruction, decreased risk of aspiration of gastric contents [2]. Evidence corroborated the findings that the efficacy of bag-valve-mask use in emergencies, most emergency intubations occur in situations of cardiorespiratory arrest, the difference in the development of pneumonia due to invasive airway management in a pre-operative environment -hospital and hospital are not significant and the combination of ketamine and propofol (known as cetofol) is an alternative for etomidate in sedation for maintaining hemodynamic stability [2-11]. The objective of this study is to perform a review on the management of the airways in emergency situations.