Lasse Pere

Awareness and determinants of electronic cigarette use among Finnish adolescents in 2013: a population-based study

Background A wide range of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are now on the market. We studied e-cigarette awareness and use, determinants and sources of e-cigarettes, the e-liquids used in them and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements among adolescents in Finland. Among smokers, we studied the association of e-cigarette use and interest in smoking cessation. Method Data were obtained from a national survey of 12–18-year-old Finnish adolescents in 2013 (N=3535, response rate 38%). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used. Results Of the respondents, 85.3% knew what e-cigarettes were; 17.4% had tried them. E-liquids with nicotine were used most often (65.7%); also those who had never tried conventional cigarettes had used them. Of e-cigarette ever users, 8.3% had never tried smoking. Parents’ high level of education, being in employment, and intact family protected against childrens e-cigarette use. In the final model, daily smoking (OR 41.35; 95% CI 25.2 to 67.8), snus use (2.96; 2.4–4.0), waterpipe use (2.21; 1.6–3.0), childrens vocational education (2.06; 1.4–3.1) and poor school performance (1.92; 1.4–3.0) were associated with e-cigarette experimentation. Those smokers with most experience of e-cigarettes were least likely to consider smoking cessation. Conclusions Awareness and experimentation with e-cigarettes are high among adolescents, especially in older age groups and boys. Nicotine e-liquids are easy to acquire for youth. Having similar risk factors, e-cigarette use seems to follow the model of conventional smoking initiation. Among adolescent smokers, use of e-cigarettes does not clearly relate to interest in smoking cessation. Preventive policies are needed to protect the youth.

Questionnaire-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity of the Finnish youth in 1979–2005

The purpose of the study was to investigate the time trend of questionnaire‐assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among 12–18‐year‐old Finnish boys and girls from 1979 to 2005. The MVPA was defined as “at least moderately breathtaking and sweating in leisure time physical activities more than 3 times week.” Data were based on the Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey, which is a biannual, nation‐wide survey on adolescent health and health‐related lifestyle in Finland. The nationally representative samples were drawn from the Finnish Population Register Centre. The numbers of participants varied from 2832 to 8390 and the response rates from 91% (girls, 1981) to 58% (boys, 2005). The main results showed that the participation rate in MVPA increased during the study period. The increase was not continuous, but showed an upward trend during the years 2001–2005. The study also revealed that boys participated in MVPA more than girls. However, the gender difference decreased during the study period. Age differences in MVPA were rather small and they decreased during the study period. However, perceived intensity of physical activity was higher among older than younger groups, whereas participation in MVPA was more frequent in younger than older groups. The results supported the findings of some previous studies that reported that especially in Finland the vigorous physical activity among young people had consistently increased. This study gave more information about this phenomenon because the study period was longer, 26 years, and the sample also included older, 16‐ and 18‐year‐old boys and girls.

Consumption of special diet among Finnish adolescents in 1979-2001: repeated national cross-sectional surveys.

Summary.Objective: To study consumption of special diet (disease-related and non disease-related) among Finnish adolescents during 1979–2001.Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to nationally representative samples of 12- (except in 1979), 14-, 16-, and 18-year-olds in 1979, 1993, 1997, 1999 and 2001.Results: The total number of respondents was 33998. The response rate declined from 78% in 1979 to 70% in 2001. Consumption of special diet increased from 1979 to 2001: in 14- year-old girls from 4% to 24%, boys from 1% to 12%; 16-yearold girls from 5% to 29%, boys from 3% to 11%; and 18-year-old girls from 9% to 30%, boys from 3% to 16%. An increase was observed both in the consumption of disease-related diets (diabetic, lactose intolerance, allergies), and in non disease-related diets (weight reducing, sports and body-building, vegetarianism, other).Conclusions: Adherence to special diet is partly explained by an increased prevalence of certain diseases (lactose intolerance, allergies, diabetes). Increase in vegetarianisms and diets related to body weight or shape are most likely explained by fads, ideals created by media, and by growing ecological awareness.Zusammenfassung.Das Einhalten spezieller Diäten durch finnische Jugendliche: wiederholte nationale Querschnittserhebung, 1979–2001Fragestellung: Untersuchung der Einhaltung von Diäten durch finnische Jugendliche im Zeitraum von 1979–2001.Methoden: Schriftliche Befragung ausgewählter Stichproben von 12-, 14-, 16-, und 18-Jährigen in ganz Finnland in den Jahren 1979 (ohne 12-Jährige), 1993, 1997, 1999 und 2001.Ergebnisse: Insgesamt 33998 Jugendliche antworteten. Die Rücklaufquote sank von 78% im Jahr 1979 auf 70% im Jahr 2001. Der Anteil an Jugendlichen, die eine spezielle Diät einhalten, stieg zwischen 1979 und 2001 bei 14-jährigen Mädchen von 4% auf 24%, bei 14-jährigen Jungen von 1% auf 12%; bei 16-jährigen Mädchen und Jungen von 5% auf 29% resp. von 3% auf 11%; bei 18-jährigen Mädchen von 9% auf 30% und bei gleichaltrigen Jungen von 3% auf 16%. Sowohl die Einhaltung von krankheitsbedingten Diäten (Diabetes, Laktose-Intoleranz, Allergien) als auch von Diäten ohne Krankheitsbezug (Gewichtsabnahme, Sport und Bodybuilding, Vegetarismus o.ä.) ist häufiger geworden. Die beobachtete Zunahme könnte aufgrund einer geringfügigen Modifikation der Fragestellung im Jahr 1999 etwas grösser als in Realität ausfallen.Schlussfolgerungen: Die wachsende Bedeutung von Diäten im Jugendalter lässt sich zum Teil durch eine steigende Prävalenz gewisser Krankheiten erklären (Laktose-Intoleranz, Diabetes). Der zunehmende Vegetarismus und das Einhalten von Diäten zur Kontrolle von Körpergewicht oder -form dürften vor allem durch Modeerscheinungen, von Medien geschaffene Ideale und ein wachsendes ökologisches Bewusstsein zu erklären sein.Résumée.Suivi d’un régime spécifique parmi les adolescents finlandais: enquêtes nationales répétées (1979–2001)Objectifs: Etudier le suivi de régimes spécifiques par les adolescents finnois entre 1979 et 2001.Méthodes: Des questionnaires auto-administrés ont été envoyés à des échantillons nationaux représentatifs d’adolescents de 12, 14, et 18 ans en 1979, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2001 (12 ans pas inclus en 1979).Résultats: 33998 réponses ont été reçues. Le taux de réponse est passé de 78% en 1979 à 70% en 2001. Le suivi d’un régime spécifique a augmenté entre 1979 et 2001: chez les adolescentes de 14 ans de 4 à 24%, chez les garçons de 1 à 12%; chez les adolescentes de 16 ans de 5 à 29%, chez les garçons de 3 à 11%; chez les adolescentes de 18 ans de 9 à 30%, chez les garçons de 3 à 16%. Cette augmentation a été observée aussi bien pour les régimes en lien avec une maladie (diabète, intolérance au lactose, allergie) que pour d’autres régimes (régime amaigrissant, en lien avec la pratique d’un sport ou de body-building, régime végétarien, etc.)Conclusions: Le fait de suivre un régime spécifique s’explique partiellement par une prévalence augmentée de certaines maladies (intolérance au lactose, allergies, diabète). L’augmentation de la pratique d’un régime végétarien et de régimes en lien avec le poids corporel est très probablement à mettre en lien avec la mode, les idéaux relayés par les médias et par une conscience écologique de plus en plus répandue.

Feasibility of Using a Multilingual Web Survey in Studying the Health of Ethnic Minority Youth

Background Monolingual Web survey is a common tool for studying adolescent health. However, national languages may cause difficulties for some immigrant-origin youths, which lower their participation rate. In national surveys, the number of ethnic minority groups is often too small to assess their well-being. Objective We studied the feasibility of a multilingual Web survey targeted at immigrant-origin youths by selection of response language, and compared participation in different language groups with a monolingual survey. Methods The Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey (AHLS), Finland, with national languages (Finnish/Swedish) was modified into a multilingual Web survey targeted at a representative sample of 14- and 16-year olds (N=639) whose registry-based mother tongue was other than the national languages. The survey was conducted in 2010 (16-year olds) and 2011 (14-year olds). The response rate of the multilingual survey in 2011 is compared with the AHLS of 2011. We also describe the translation process and the e-form modification. Results Of the respondents, 57.6% answered in Finnish, whereas the remaining 42.4% used their mother tongue (P=.002). A majority of youth speaking Somali, Middle Eastern, Albanian, and Southeast Asian languages chose Finnish. The overall response rate was 48.7% with some nonsignificant variation between the language groups. The response rate in the multilingual Web survey was higher (51.6%, 163/316) than the survey with national languages (46.5%, 40/86) in the same age group; however, the difference was not significant (P=.47). The adolescents who had lived in Finland for 5 years or less (58.0%, 102/176) had a higher response rate than those having lived in Finland for more than 5 years (45.1%, 209/463; P=.005). Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ according to place of birth (Finland/other) or residential area (capital city area/other). The difference in the response rates of girls and boys was nearly significant (P=.06). Girls of the Somali and Middle Eastern language groups were underrepresented among the respondents. Conclusions A multilingual Web survey is a feasible method for gathering data from ethnic youth, although it does not necessarily yield a higher response rate than a monolingual survey. The respondents answered more often in the official language of the host country than their mother tongue. The varying response rates by time of residence, ethnicity, and gender pose challenges for developing tempting surveys for youth.