Laura Cipolletta

Scar Dechanneling New Method for Scar-Related Left Ventricular Tachycardia Substrate Ablation

Background—Ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrate ablation usually requires extensive ablation. Scar dechanneling technique may limit the extent of ablation needed. Methods and Results—The study included 101 consecutive patients with left ventricular scar–related VT (75 ischemic patients; left ventricular ejection fraction, 36±13%). Procedural end point was the elimination of all identified conducting channels (CCs) by ablation at the CC entrance followed by abolition of residual inducible VTs. By itself, scar dechanneling rendered noninducibility in 54.5% of patients; ablation of residual inducible VT increased noninducibility to 78.2%. Patients needing only scar dechanneling had a shorter procedure (213±64 versus 244±71 minutes; P=0.027), fewer radiofrequency applications (19±11% versus 27±18%; P=0.01), and external cardioversion/defibrillation shocks (20% versus 65.2%; P<0.001). At 2 years, patients needing scar dechanneling alone had better event-free survival (80% versus 62%) and lower mortality (5% versus 11%). Incomplete CC-electrogram elimination was the only independent predictor (hazard ratio, 2.54 [1.06–6.10]) for the primary end point. Higher end point-free survival rates were observed in patients noninducible after scar dechanneling (log-rank P=0.013) and those with complete CC-electrogram elimination (log-rank P=0.013). The complications rate was 6.9%, with no deaths. Conclusions—Scar dechanneling alone results in low recurrence and mortality rates in more than half of patients despite the limited ablation extent required. Residual inducible VT ablation improves acute results, but patients who require it have worse outcomes. Recurrences are mainly related to incomplete CC-electrogram elimination.

Impact of earliest activation site location in the septal right ventricular outflow tract for identification of left vs right outflow tract origin of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias

BACKGROUND The earliest activation site (EAS) location in the septal right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) could be an additional mapping data predictor of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) vs RVOT origin of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of EAS location in predicting LVOT vs RVOT origin. METHODS Macroscopic and histologic study was performed in 12 postmortem hearts. Electroanatomic maps (EAMs) from 37 patients with outflow tract (OT) VA with the EAS in the septal RVOT were analyzed. Pulmonary valve (PV) was defined by voltage scanning after validation of voltage thresholds by image integration. EAM measurements were correlated with those of macroscopic/histologic study. RESULTS A cutoff value of 1.9 mV discriminated between subvalvular and supravalvular positions (90% sensitivity, 96% specificity). EAS ≥1 cm below PV excluded RVOT site of origin (SOO). According to anatomic findings (distance PV-left coronary cusp = 5 ± 3 vs PV-right coronary cusp = 11 ± 5 mm), EAS-PV distance was significantly shorter in VAs arising from left coronary cusp than from the other LVOT locations (4.2 ± 5.4 mm vs 9.2 ± 7 mm; P = .034). The 10-ms isochronal longitudinal/perpendicular diameter ratio was higher in the RVOT vs the LVOT SOO group (1.97 ± 1.2 vs 0.79 ± 0.49; P = .001). An algorithm based on EAS-PV distance and the 10-ms isochronal longitudinal/perpendicular diameter ratio predicted LVOT SOO with 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION An algorithm based on the EAS-PV distance and the 10-ms isochronal longitudinal/perpendicular diameter ratio accurately predicts LVOT vs RVOT SOO in outflow tract VAs with EAS in the septal RVOT.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves ejection fraction and cardiac remodelling regardless of patients' age

AIMS Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves symptoms and reduces mortality in heart failure (HF) patients, but little data exist on the efficacy of CRT in the elderly. The aim of our study is to define CRT-related benefits in terms of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement in two subgroups of patients (<75 and ≥75 years old) and test possible differences between these two groups. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-centre prospective observational study including 65 patients with optimally treated, advanced HF and indication to CRT. All patients were investigated with clinical evaluation, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), 12-lead electrocardiogram, and full echocardiographical study before CRT implant and 3 and 12 months after. Left ventricular ejection fraction showed a time-related improvement in the whole population (+10.6% over 12 months) as well as in each subgroup. The magnitude of LVEF improvement was similar in elderly and non-elderly patients (+13.6 vs. +7.9%; P = ns). Left ventricular diameters, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, New York Heart Association class, MLHFQ score, and QRS width all showed a time-related improvement in the whole population as well as in each subgroup. End-diastolic left ventricular diameter remodelling and QRS width reduction were significantly more pronounced in the elderly, whereas other clinical and instrumental secondary endpoints showed a similar improvement between ≥75 and <75 years old patients. There was no significant difference regarding mortality between elderly and non-elderly patients. CONCLUSION Cardiac resynchronization therapy is as effective in improving LVEF in elderly as in non-elderly patients. Age alone should not be a determinant to restrict resynchronization therapy in HF patients.

An easy-to-use, operator-independent, clinical model to predict the left vs. right ventricular outflow tract origin of ventricular arrhythmias

AIMS To identify clinical characteristics able to predict a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) origin in outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OTVAs). METHODS AND RESULTS We included 117 consecutive patients (training sample) with successful radiofrequency ablation of OTVA in one centre. A predictive model for LVOT origin was obtained using clinical data. The model was prospectively validated in a second population (testing sample) of 143 patients from two additional centres. In training sample, mean age was 54 ± 17 years, 72 patients (61%) were male, and 63 (54%) had cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty (51%) patients had LVOT origin. Independent predictors for LVOT origin were the presence of hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 2.17, confidence interval (CI) 0.91-6.20, P = 0.09], male gender (OR 4.83, 95% CI 1.89-12.33, P < 0.001), and age >50 years (OR 4.46, 95% CI 1.57-12.7, P = 0.005). A simple score was constructed with these three variables to predict LVOT origin (mean predicted probability of 15% for score 0, 26% for score 1, 60% for score 2, and 87% for score 3, P < 0.001) and reached 80% sensitivity and 75% specificity. The score was validated in the testing sample and was not inferior to previously described electrocardiogram algorithms. CONCLUSION Patients currently referred for OTVA ablation are older, more frequently men, and with a higher probability for LVOT origin than previously described. A LVOT origin is associated with the presence of hypertension, male gender, and older age, and can be anticipated by using a simple clinical score.

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Arrhythmias: Benign Or Early Stage Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia?

Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) are a common and heterogeneous entity. Idiopathic right ventricular arrhythmias (IdioVAs) are generally benign, with excellent ablation outcomes and long-term arrhythmia-free survival, and must be distinguished from other conditions associated with VAs arising from the right ventricle: the differential diagnosis with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is therefore crucial because VAs are one of the most important causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals even with early stage of the disease. Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a current option for the treatment of VAs but important differences must be considered in terms of indication, purposes and procedural strategies in the treatment of the two conditions. In this review, we comprehensively discuss clinical and electrophysiological features, diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in a compared analysis of these two entities.

Entirely Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillator Safest Option in a Young Girl With Ventricular Tachycardia and Ebstein Anomaly

A 16-year-old female patient with Ebstein anomaly was admitted to the hospital for 2 episodes of hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT; Figure 1). Two months earlier, she had undergone surgical tricuspid valve replacement with a biological prosthetic valve and cavopulmonary anastomosis (Figure 2). Both VT episodes were treated with external direct current cardioversion, and the patient was then referred to our center to attempt VT ablation. Unfortunately, the fact that the right ventricle (RV) was papyraceous and the free ventricular wall was thin would have exposed the patient to a high risk of catheter perforation. Because transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation had the same risk of cardiac perforation, and access to the right cardiac chambers had been made unfeasible by cavopulmonary anastomosis, subcutaneous (S)-ICD implantation was considered. In assessing the patient’s adequacy for …

Emerging pharmacotherapies for the treatment of atrial fibrillation

ABSTRACT Introduction: The main aim of current research on the field of atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment is to find new antiarrhythmic drugs with less side effects. Areas covered: Dronedarone and vernakalant showed promising result in term of efficacy and safety in selected patients. Ranolazine and colchicine are obtaining a role as a potential antiarrhythmic drug. Ivabradine is used in experimental studies for the rate control of AF. Moreover, new compounds (vanoxerine, moxonidine, budiodarone) are still under investigation. Monoclonal antibodies or selective antagonist of potassium channel are under investigation for long term maintenance of sinus rhythm. Clinical evidence and new pharmacological investigation on new drugs will be accurately reviewed in this article. Expert opinion: Dronedarone use is not recommended in patients with symptomatic heart failure (HF), NYHA class III-IV, depressed ventricular function and permanent AF, especially in patients assuming a concomitant therapy with digoxin. Vernakalant had superior efficacy than amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone in single studies and similar efficacy to direct current cardioversion. Several of the developing drugs examined in this paper show an interesting potential, in particular the research on selective ionic channel inhibition and on compounds which reduce the inflammation state, especially after ablation or surgery.

P Wave Analysis in the Era of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation

The common arrhythmia atrial fibrillation (AF) is incompletely understood. The mechanism of initiation and the perpetuation of AF remain speculative. This article summarizes current knowledge of the complex relationship between arrhythmias triggering AF and their long-term effects on atrial tissue, leading to perpetuation of tachycardia. It focuses on the role of the electrocardiogram (ECG) from AF diagnosis to identification of sinus P wave abnormalities predicting future occurrences. The role of ambulatory ECG recordings in managing AF and the use of frequency analysis determining degree of organization and identification of AF triggers are discussed.

IntErnationaL eLeCTRicAl storm registry (ELECTRA): Background, rationale, study design, and expected results

Electrical storm (ES) is defined as three or more episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) within 24 h and is associated with an increased cardiac and all-cause mortality. ES is a full arrhythmic emergency, its prevalence steadily increasing along with the number of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implanted every year in developed countries. Nowadays, little evidence exists regarding clinical predictors of ES and their potential association on mortality and heart failure (HF), nor optimal pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment has ever been codified. The intErnationaL eLeCTRicAl storm registry (ELECTRA) is a multicentre, observational, prospective clinical study with two major aims. First, to create an international database on ES encompassing clinical features, pharmacological management, and interventional treatment strategies. Second, to describe mortality and rehospitalization rates in patients with ES over a long follow-up. The primary endpoint is all-cause mortality 3 years after the ES index event. The main secondary endpoint is hospitalization for all causes 3 years after the ES index event. Other secondary endpoints includes ES recurrences, unclustered VTs/VFs recurrences, and hospitalizations for HF worsening. A minimum of 500 patients will be included in the registry, and all patients will be followed-up for a minimum of three years. The present paper describes the background and current rationale of the ELECTRA study and details the study design, from enrolment strategy to data collection methods to planned data analysis. A brief overview of the expected results and their potential clinical and research implications will also be presented (NCT02882139).

Health economic concerns on cardiac rhythm management devices longevity and how to overcome them

ABSTRACT The number of device implantations is in constant increase due to the ageing population, extended indications to implant for preventing sudden cardiac death and treating heart failure. An increase in the number of implants is directly related to a higher number of device replacements and that is one of the most important risk factors for device infection. Therefore, all the above mentioned factors contribute to an increase in the cost for health care system. Currently, several methods help to prolong device battery longevity and consequently reduce the costs, such as: a new battery, drug eluting leads, high impedance leads, algorithm to minimize unnecessary pacing, capture management and correct programming to avoid inappropriate and unnecessary shock in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy devices. Furthermore remote monitoring is very promising to reduce health system costs related to devices.