Laura Marques

BK virus nephropathy complicated with meningoencephalitis after kidney transplantation

BK disease is an opportunistic infection in organ transplant recipients and patients with other cellular immunodeficiencies. To the best of our knowledge, we report the second case of BK meningoencephalitis associated with nephropathy in a kidney transplant recipient. A 15‐yr‐old boy underwent a cadaveric kidney transplant without complications; however, 11 wk after the transplantation, he was admitted to the hospital for graft dysfunction and cytopenia, which were confirmed by BK nephropathy (plasma viral replication and histological evidence). Four days after his hospital admission, he developed a high‐grade fever and headache. CSF analysis revealed pleocytosis with a positive PCR for BK virus. Reduction in immunosuppression and supportive care conducting cycles of immunoglobulin and cidofovir were successful in treating the patient. BK meningoencephalitis should be considered in kidney transplant recipients who present with signs and symptoms of meningoencephalitis.

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and x-linked agammaglobulinemia: an uncommon association.

Introduction. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by agammaglobulinemia requiring replacement treatment with immunoglobulin. The association of XLA and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is unexpected and, to our knowledge, only one case was previously published. Case Report. The authors report the case of a 10-year-old boy with family history and prenatal diagnosis of XLA, treated from birth with intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy. He presented with pneumonia, macroscopic hematuria, nephrotic proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hypercholesterolemia with normal renal function and serum complement levels. Renal histology showed immune complex mediated MPGN. He was started on high dose prednisolone and ramipril and switched to weekly subcutaneous immunoglobulin. After a 4-month treatment, hematuria and proteinuria significantly improved and prednisolone was gradually tapered without relapse. Conclusion. The pathogenic process underlying MPGN development in this patient is unknown but residual humoral immunity might play an important role. Thus, this case highlights the risk of autoimmune disorders among patients with XLA.

HOSPITALIZATION FOR PERTUSSIS – A TEN YEARS CASUISTIC FROM A LEVEL III HOSPITAL

Background: Whooping cough remains a concern in pediatric age. Adolescents and adults are recognized as a source of disease transmission, particularly for infants without complete primary immunization. The objectives of this study were to characterize clinically and epidemiologicaly hospitalized pediatric cases of pertussis. Material and methods: Retrospective, observational study of pediatric patients hospitalized at a level III Portuguese hospital with Bordetella pertussis infection confirmed by PCR DNA assay, between January 2005 and December 2014. Results: Forty-three patients were admitted with an median duration of eight days. We observed a higher number of admissions in 2008 and 2012, with majority of cases in the summer. The median age was 2,5 months old (minimum 12 days; maximum 16 years), of which 86.0% (n=37) infants without complete primary vaccination. All patients had cough and 48.8% (n=21) had an identified epidemiological contact of pertussis. All were treated with macrolides, with a mean interval between onset of symptoms and treatment of eight days (minimum 2; maximum 60 days). Viral coinfection occurred in 21.6% (n=14). Ten patients were admitted to intensive care unit and two deceased. Conclusions: Like other studies, there was a incidence peak in 2012. Infants were the most vulnerable age group to infection by Bordetella pertussis, with the highest number of hospitalizations. There is a need for additional prevention strategies to improve prevention in this age group.