Leah A. Lievrouw

Handbook of new media : social shaping and consequences of ICTs

Introduction - Leah A Lievrouw and Sonia Livingstone The Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs PART ONE: THE CHANGING SOCIAL LANDSCAPE Introduction - Sonia Livingstone The Information Society Revisited - Frank Webster Creating Community with Media - Nicholas W Jankowski History, Theories and Scientific Investigations Politics and New Media - Sara Bentivegna Interpersonal Life Online - Nancy K Baym The Electronic Generation? - David Buckingham Children and New Media New Media and New Literacies - Douglas Kellner Reconstructing Education for the New Millennium Primary Issues in Internet Use - Ronald E Rice Access, Civic and Community Involvement, and Social Interaction and Expression PART TWO: TECHNOLOGY DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Introduction - Leah A Lievrouw New Media History - Patrice Flichy How to Infrastructure - Susan Leigh Star and Geoffrey C Bowker Exploring Models of Interactivity from Multiple Research Traditions - Sally J McMillan Users, Documents and Systems Determination and Contingency in New Media Development - Leah A Lievrouw Diffusion of Innovations and Social Shaping of Technology Perspectives PART THREE: NEW MEDIA AND ORGANIZING Introduction - Noshir S Contractor Smart Agents and Organizations of the Future - Kathleen M Carley New Media and Organizing at the Group Level - Andrea B Hollingshead and Noshir S Contractor The Social Construction of Technology in Studies of the Workplace - Mich[gr]ele H Jackson, Marshall Scott Poole and Tim Kuhn New Media Implementation and Industrial Organization - Fran[ce]cois Bar with Caroline Simard PART FOUR: SYSTEMS, INDUSTRIES AND MARKETS Introduction - John Ure The Development and Use of Online Newspapers - Pablo J Boczkowski What Research Tells Us and What We Might Want to Know New Media and New Economy Cluster Dynamics - Philip Cooke Globalization and the Structure of New Media Industries - Terry Flew and Stephen McElhinney Information Society, Trade and Industry Policy - Anders Henten and Knud Erik Skouby The Economics of Information and Industrial Change - Don Lamberton The New Economy - Peter Lovelock and John Ure Internet, Telecommunications and Electronic Commerce? Universal Access to the New Information Infrastructure - Heather E Hudson PART FIVE: POLICY AND REGULATION Introduction - Bella Mody, Harry M Trebing and Laura Stein The Governance of Media Markets Wired Cities and Transnational Communications - Dwayne Winseck New Forms of Governance for Telecommunications and the New Media New Global Media and Communication Policy - Laura Stein and Nikhil Sinha The Role of the State in the Twenty-First Century About Scarcities and Intermediaries - Stefaan G Verhulst The Regulatory Paradigm Shift of Digital Content Reviewed The Real Digital Divide - Oscar H Gandy Jr Citizens versus Consumers Labour and New Media - Gwen Urey PART SIX: CULTURE AND NEW MEDIA Introduction - Mark Poster Cultural Studies and Technology - Jennifer Daryl Slack and J Macgregor Wise Discursive Displacement and the Seminal Ambiguity of Space and Place - Michael R Curry Power and Political Culture - Timothy W Luke Social Relationships and Identity Online and Offline - Don Slater

The Invisible College Reconsidered Bibliometrics and the Development of Scientific Communication Theory

In this article, the relationship of bibliometric techniques (especially citation analysis) to communication theory and research is examined, using the invisible college as the principal example. The invisible college is used because it is the best-known model of scientific communication, and because it is based in bibliometric studies of science. As such, the invisible college is typical of constructs that describe processes yet are founded on the study of structures; the ambiguity surrounding the use of the term is symptomatic of the confounding of structure and process in the study of scholarly communication. A revised definition of the invisible college is proposed that reemphasizes its fundamentally communicative nature, and issues for future theory building in scientific communication are suggested.

New Media and the `Pluralization of Life-Worlds' A Role for Information in Social Differentiation

This article asks whether, and in what ways, new media technologies contribute to variations in information resources and communication relations from place to place that may encourage social integration or differentiation. Current perspectives on differentiation theory are briefly discussed, and a model is presented which suggests how the generation, circulation and use of information in society create different social milieux or information environments. Recent studies of new media use are used to illustrate how ICTs might contribute to social differentiation.

Information resources and democracy: understanding the paradox

Americans have long cherished the notion that democratic political participation requires an informed citizenry, and that to be informed we must have ready access to the information we need. Does discourse really exist in the current information environment? Does access to information sources and communication media equal dialogue? What is the relation between information resources and democracy? The six articles collected in this special issue of JASIS consider these questions to be problematic and of central importance to information and communication studies.

Communication and the social representation of scientific knowledge

This article examines the process of disseminating scientific information to the public. In general, the particular steps and strategies (on the part of scientists) in taking research findings to a popular audience are explored. Issues pertaining to the social status and economics of science production are analyzed. In particular, the publicization of cold‐fusion research is examined to illustrate the general process of dissemination.

Oppositional and activist new media: remediation, reconfiguration, participation

Over the last decade, the major firms and cultural institutions that have dominated media and information industries in the U.S. and globally have been challenged by people adopting new technologies to intervene and participate in mainstream media culture. In this paper key genres and features of oppositional and activist new media are described and cases are presented, and their implications for participatory design are briefly outlined.

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.

What’s Changed about New Media? Introduction to the Fifth Anniversary Issue of New Media & Society:

The inaugural issue of new media & society, which was published in spring 1999, launched the journal with a special section of short articles under the title: ‘What’s New About New Media?’ The contributors provided wide-ranging and sometimes divergent answers to the question. However, a common theme among the articles was uncertainty, a sense that it was still early days for ‘new media’, particularly the internet. Until new media technologies became more broadly available and stable, many authors were reluctant to make any general claims about their development or consequences. Five years ago, although the internet had long been established, the world wide web was still relatively new. Web browsers had begun to change the ways in which internet users could interact or seek information online. The dot.com boom and the ‘new economy’, fuelled by visions of ubiquitous ecommerce and new forms of work, leisure, and wealth, was well underway in developed nations. Economic and cultural globalization seemed an inescapable outcome of the growth of networked telecommunications, computing, and traditional media. Concerns about the digital divide were just beginning to be heard, and the ‘millennium bug’ seemed to be the most serious technological or security threat looming on the horizon. Over a year ago, the editors of new media & society agreed that the fifth anniversary issue would be an ideal opportunity to reflect on progress in new media research, scholarship, and creative work since the journal began. new media & society

NEW MEDIA, MEDIATION, AND COMMUNICATION STUDY1

The division of the communication discipline according to whether people communicate face-to-face or via a technological medium has shaped the fields development from the outset. The divide has been institutionalized over time in the structures of academic departments and schools, professional training and degrees, scholarly societies and publishing, and in the fields larger research agendas. However, critics inside and outside the field have long insisted that the differences between the two subfields actually obscure the shifting, contingent nature of communication in everyday experience, social formations, and culture. This paper traces efforts to theorize the intersection of interpersonal and media communication, and in particular the concept of mediation, from Lazarsfeld and Katzs two-step flow in the 1950s, to the challenge of digital media technologies in the 1970s and 1980s, to the rise of new media studies and digital culture scholarship from the 1990s onward.

Social Media and the Production of Knowledge: A Return to Little Science?

In the classic study Little science, big science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), Derek Price traces the historical shift from what he calls little science—exemplified by early‐modern “invisible colleges” of scientific amateurs and enthusiasts engaged in small‐scale, informal interactions and personal correspondence—to 20th‐century big science, dominated by professional scientists and wealthy institutions, where scientific information (primarily in print form and its analogues) was mass‐produced, marketed and circulated on a global scale. This article considers whether the growing use of more participatory, interactive “Web 2.0” technologies and social media in science today (e.g. wikis, blogs, tagging and bookmarking, conferencing, etc.) may signal a revival of little science modes of communication that contrast with big science conventions that continue to dominate research policy, scientific institutions, and the publishing industry. A brief historical review of responses to the scientific “information explosion” since the early 1900s is presented, with a particular focus on the idealization of large‐scale, automated information systems and the privileging of formal (document‐producing) over informal (interpersonal) modes of scientific communication. Alternative frameworks for scientific communication that incorporate both documents and interaction are used to examine contemporary examples of so‐called Science 2.0 and citizen science projects to determine whether such projects indicate the emergence of new modes of communication in science that bridge the immediacy and involvement of invisible colleges and the rigor of peer‐reviewed publishing. The implications for traditional documentary forms such as the journal article are also discussed.