Leandro Arthur Diehl

Prevalência da lipodistrofia associada ao HIV em pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros: relação com síndrome metabólica e fatores de risco cardiovascular

Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients (LDHIV) affects 40-50% of HIV-infected patients, but there are no data on its prevalence in Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess the LDHIV prevalence among HIV-infected adult Brazilian individuals, as well as to evaluate LDHIV association with cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (MS). It was included 180 adult HIV-infected outpatients consecutively seen in the Infectology Clinic of Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Anthropometric and clinical data (blood pressure, family and personal comorbidities, duration of HIV infection/AIDS, antiretroviral drugs used, CD4+ cells, viral load, fasting glycemia and plasma lipids) were obtained both from a clinical interview as well as from medical charts. LDHIV was defined as the presence of body changes self-reported by the patients and confirmed by clinical exam. MS was defined using the NCEP-ATPIII criteria, reviewed and modified by AHA/NHLBI. A 55% prevalence of LDHIV was found. Individuals with LDHIV presented a longer infected period since HIV infection, longer AIDS duration and longer use of antiretroviral drugs. In multivariate analysis, women (p=0.006) and AIDS duration >8 years (p 25 kg/m(2) (p 40 years on HIV first detection (p=0.002). There was a trend to higher frequency of LDHIV among patients with MS (65% versus 50%, p=0.051). LDHIV prevalence among our patients (55%) was similar to previous reports from other countries. MS prevalence in these HIV-infected individuals seems to be similar to the prevalence reported on Brazilian non-HIV-infected adults.

InsuOnline, a Serious Game to Teach Insulin Therapy to Primary Care Physicians: Design of the Game and a Randomized Controlled Trial for Educational Validation

BACKGROUND Physicians´ lack of knowledge contributes to underuse of insulin and poor glycemic control in adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Traditional continuing medical education have limited efficacy, and new approaches are required. OBJECTIVE We report the design of a trial to assess the educational efficacy of InsuOnline, a game for education of primary care physicians (PCPs). The goal of InsuOnline was to improve appropriate initiation and adjustment of insulin for the treatment of DM. InsuOnline was designed to be educationally adequate, self-motivating, and attractive. METHODS A multidisciplinary team of endocrinologists, experts in medical education, and programmers, was assembled for the design and development of InsuOnline. Currently, we are conducting usability and playability tests, with PCPs and medical students playing the game on a desktop computer. Adjustments will be made based on these results. An unblinded randomized controlled trial with PCPs who work in the city of Londrina, Brazil, will be conducted to assess the educational validity of InsuOnline on the Web. In this trial, 64 PCPs will play InsuOnline, and 64 PCPs will undergo traditional instructional activities (lecture and group discussion). Knowledge on how to initiate and adjust insulin will be assessed by a Web-based multiple choice questionnaire, and attitudes regarding diabetes/insulin will be assessed by Diabetes Attitude Scale 3 at 3 time points-before, immediately after, and 6 months after the intervention. Subjects´ general impressions on the interventions will be assessed by a questionnaire. Software logs will be reviewed. RESULTS To our knowledge, this is the first research with the aim of assessing the educational efficacy of a computer game for teaching PCPs about insulin therapy in DM. We describe the development criteria used for creating InsuOnline. Evaluation of the game using a randomized controlled trial design will be done in future studies. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the design and development of a game for PCPs education on insulin is possible with a multidisciplinary team. InsuOnline can be an attractive option for large-scale continuous medical education to help improving PCPs´ knowledge on insulin therapy and potentially improving DM patients´ care. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01759953; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01759953 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Dq8Vc7a6).

Management of Graves’ orbitopathy in Latin America: an international questionnaire study compared with Europe

Context  Management of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) continues to be challenging. Other surveys have been successful in elucidating trends in GO management. Knowledge of current practice by members of the Latin American Thyroid Society (LATS) who manage patients with GO was targeted by distribution of a questionnaire. We compared our results with a previously reported European Thyroid Association (ETA) survey.

Increased levothyroxine requirement in a woman with previously well-controlled hypothyroidism and intestinal giardiasis

The most common cause of apparent inefficiency or resistance to oral therapy with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism is nonadhesion. However, in some subjects in whom the control of hypothyroidism is extremely difficult, levothyroxine bioavailability defects should be considered. We report here the case of a 57-year-old woman with hypothyroidism that was well-controlled for the previous 6 years but suddenly presented with poor hormonal control and abdominal symptoms, despite repeatedly reporting good compliance to therapy. Adequate control of thyroid function was only obtained after intestinal giardiasis was diagnosed and treated.

Metformin increases HDL3-cholesterol and decreases subcutaneous truncal fat in nondiabetic patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

The purpose of this study was to assess metformin effects on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) composition of patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy (LDHIV). Twenty-four adult outpatients were enrolled to receive metformin (1700 mg/d) during 6 months, but 2 were lost to follow-up and 6 stopped the drug due to adverse events (gastrointestinal in 5, and excessive weight loss in 1). From the 16 subjects who completed the study, 69% were female. At baseline, 3 and 6 months, we assessed: weight, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), lipids, and HDL subfractions by microultracentrifugation. At 0 and 6 months, body fat distribution was assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan (L4 and middle femur). Metformin use was associated with reduction of mean weight (-2.4Kg at 6 months; p < 0.001), body mass index, waist, waist-to-hip ratio and a marked decrease in blood pressure (p < 0.001). Subcutaneous (p = 0.01) and total abdominal fat (p = 0.002) were reduced, but no change was found in visceral or thigh fat. No difference was detected on plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA2-IR, cholesterol or triglycerides, except for an increase in HDL3-cholesterol (from 21 mg/dL to 24 mg/dL, p = 0.002) and a reduction of nascent HDL (the fraction of plasma HDL-cholesterol not associated to subfractions HDL2 or HDL3) (p = 0.008). Adverse effects were very common, but most were gastrointestinal and mild. Thus, metformin use in LDHIV increases HDL3-cholesterol (probably due to improved maturation of HDL) and decreases blood pressure, weight, waist, and subcutaneous truncal fat, making this an attractive option for preventing cardiovascular disease in this population.

Prevalência de auto-imunidade tireoidiana em um grupo de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 em Londrina, PR

Thyroid autoimmunity is a frequent comorbid condition subjects with in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). We evaluated the prevalence of antithyroid autoantibodies (antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin and antithyroid peroxidase), in addition to clinical (gender, age, DM duration) and laboratory (TSH, HbA1) characteristics of 101 patients (mean age 20 ± 9.6 years; 62 female) followed at the HC/UEL. RESULTS: Autoantibodies were found in 31 subjects (30.7%). In the age group 18 years, 35.7% (p= 0.22). Among the patients with positive antibodies, 40% had some thyroid dysfunction vs only 4.4% of those without antibodies (p<0.001). The average TSH was higher in the positive than in negative group (3.75 and 2.32µU/mL, respectively; p= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of thyroid antibodies was 30.7%, in accordance to the literature.

A serious game prototype for education of medical doctors and students on insulin management for treatment of diabetes mellitus

This paper describes the construction of a serious game prototype for training doctors and medical students about insulin management for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). There are a few simulators that are educationally useful for this aim, but they are little attractive for the user, so we intend to create a tool that includes game elements to make it more fun and appealing. A series of hypothetical, clinical cases with increasing complexity are used to develop a minimum curriculum for training, incorporating all the principal aspects of insulin therapy for DM in the context of primary health care. We chose to develop an Adventure game, based on a minimum curriculum of contents about insulin management. The game presents a series of clinical scenarios and asks the players to make decisions about the best diagnostic and therapeutic options for each case. After each decision, the players receive feedback, comparing their decisions with the recommendations from the best-quality medical literature, and have access to additional educational resources (texts, algorithms, links to guidelines).

Effectiveness of a serious game for medical education on insulin therapy: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE We report the preliminary assessment of InsuOnline©, a serious game designed for medical education on insulin therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a pilot study with 41 undergraduate medical students and Internal Medicine residents to assess the educational effectiveness of InsuOnline©, as compared to a traditional educational activity (lecture, cases discussion). Knowledge, skills and beliefs on insulin therapy were evaluated by a questionnaire applied before, immediately after, and 3 months after both interventions. RESULTS Mean knowledge/skills score was improved from 68% to 89% in traditional education group (n = 23; p < 0.001), and from 61% to 90% in game group (n = 18; p < 0.001). After 3 months, mean score decreased (to 80% in traditional education group, and to 78% in game group; p < 0.001 for both) but remained significantly higher than at baseline in both groups (p < 0.001 for both). Although mean score was lower in game group than in traditional education group at baseline (p = 0.04), no difference remained between groups either immediately or 3 months post-intervention. Score increment was better with the game (29%) than with traditional education (21%; p = 0.04). Beliefs improved in the game group only. CONCLUSIONS InsuOnline© is at least as effective as a traditional educational activity for medical education on insulin therapy, and it can a good option for large-scale continuing medical education on diabetes.

InsuOnline, an Electronic Game for Medical Education on Insulin Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Primary Care Physicians

Background Most patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are followed by primary care physicians, who often lack knowledge or confidence to prescribe insulin properly. This contributes to clinical inertia and poor glycemic control. Effectiveness of traditional continuing medical education (CME) to solve that is limited, so new approaches are required. Electronic games are a good option, as they can be very effective and easily disseminated. Objective The objective of our study was to assess applicability, user acceptance, and educational effectiveness of InsuOnline, an electronic serious game for medical education on insulin therapy for DM, compared with a traditional CME activity. Methods Primary care physicians (PCPs) from South of Brazil were invited by phone or email to participate in an unblinded randomized controlled trial and randomly allocated to play the game InsuOnline, installed as an app in their own computers, at the time of their choice, with minimal or no external guidance, or to participate in a traditional CME session, composed by onsite lectures and cases discussion. Both interventions had the same content and duration (~4 h). Applicability was assessed by the number of subjects who completed the assigned intervention in each group. Insulin-prescribing competence (factual knowledge, problem-solving skills, and attitudes) was self-assessed through a questionnaire applied before, immediately after, and 3 months after the interventions. Acceptance of the intervention (satisfaction and perceived importance for clinical practice) was also assessed immediately after and 3 months after the interventions, respectively. Results Subjects’ characteristics were similar between groups (mean age 38, 51.4% [69/134] male). In the game group, 69 of 88 (78%) completed the intervention, compared with 65 of 73 (89%) in the control group, with no difference in applicability. Percentage of right answers in the competence subscale, which was 52% at the baseline in both groups, significantly improved immediately after both interventions to 92% in the game group and to 85% in control (P<.001). After 3 months, it remained significantly higher than that at the baseline in both groups (80% in game, and 76% in control; P<.001). Absolute increase in competence score was better with the game (40%) than with traditional CME (34%; P=.01). Insulin-related attitudes were improved both after the game (significant improvement in 4 of 9 items) and after control activity (3 of 9). Both interventions were very well accepted, with most subjects rating them as “fun or pleasant,” “useful,” and “practice-changing.” Conclusions The game InsuOnline was applicable, very well accepted, and highly effective for medical education on insulin therapy. In view of its flexibility and easy dissemination, it is a valid option for large-scale CME, potentially helping to reduce clinical inertia and to improve quality of care for DM patients. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT001759953; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01759953 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6oeHoTrBf)

The New Challenge: The Aging Process in the Brazilian Amazonia

There are few studies on the aging process in Brazil but no one focusing on the Brazilian Amazonia. In order to gain information about this issue, the University of Sao Paulo Research Unit in the state of Rondonia investigated the health status of more than 90% of the 412 elders over 59 years living in the urban area of Monte Negro city (63o22´W, 13°44´S). To this purpose, a cross-sectional study was done in July 2013, plus a review of all the death certificates of Monte Negro´s citizens between 2002-2011. These are preliminary results of cohort study that will follow up this group for the next 10 years. The initial results are shocking. Males accounted for 50.1% of the sample. Only 3.4% were born in the Amazon region and 48.6% were from Southeastern Brazil having arrived in Rondonia in the early seventies. More than 45% have never attended school. Regarding mortality information, more than 50% of the deaths were due to chronic non-transmissible diseases (CNTD) (cardiovascular disease, cancer and stroke), 30% were due to deaths linked to violent causes (mostly motorbike crashes), 18% were related to unknown causes and only 2% were related to infectious diseases. These figures are grossly like the profile of developed countries. The cross-sectional study gives us some more important information about the health status of this group: 70.6% have arterial hypertension and only 60% are receiving adequate medication. Dyslipidemia has a prevalence rate of 65.2% and just 12% are being adequately treated. Diabetes 2 prevalence is 22%, depression 11.6%, dementia 4.5%, and metabolic syndrome 45.4%. Reduced renal filtration rate (less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) occurred in 53.4%. The main ophthalmologic disorders were: cataracts 59.7%, glaucoma 11.6% and retinopathies due to diabetes/hypertension 2.4%. Fifty three percent of the patients were tested for transmissible diseases: 0.9% with hepatitis B, 0.4% with hepatitis C and no one with HIV 1 2 infection. At least one malaria episode was reported by 75% of the elderly, tegumentary leishmaniasis by 14.5%, leprosy by 4.3%and tuberculosis by 2.4% and Chagas disease by 0.7%.