Leandro M. Vieira

Cradoscrupocellaria , a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

A new genus, Cradoscrupocellaria n. gen., is erected for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin, 1826), reported as widespread in tropical and subtropical waters. Here we select a neotype of this species in order to establish its identity and distinguish it from morphologically similar species. We include redescriptions and figures of additional species now assigned to this new genus: Cradoscrupocellaria curacaoensis (Fransen, 1986) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria hirsuta (Jullien & Calvet, 1903) n. comb., and Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhyncha (Gautier, 1962) n. comb. Five additional species are as-signed to the genus: Cradoscrupocellaria ellisi (Vieira & Spencer Jones, 2012) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria nanshaensis (Liu, 1991) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria serrata (Waters, 1909) n. comb., and Cradoscrupocellaria tenuirostris (Osburn, 1950) n. comb. Eighteen new species are described: Cra-doscrupocellaria aegyptiana n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria arisaigensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria atlantica n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria calypso n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria floridana n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria galapagensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria gautieri n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria gorgonensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria hastingsae n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria insularis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria jamaicensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria lagaaiji n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhynchoides n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria makua n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria marcusorum n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria normani n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria odonoghuei n. sp., and Cradoscrupocellaria osburni n. sp.

Nine New Species of Bugula Oken (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) in Brazilian Shallow Waters

Background Bugula is a speciose genus of marine bryozoans, represented by both endemic and cosmopolitan species distributed in tropical and temperate waters and important to marine biologists because of the occurrence of many species in harbor and fouling communities, therefore as potential invaders. The southeastern Brazilian coast in the southern Atlantic hosts the highest known diversity of the genus, a status intimately associated with the intensity of collecting efforts. Methodology Morphological data based on the examination of living specimens, scanning electron and light microscopic images, and morphometric analyses were used to assess the diversity of Bugula along the coastal areas of southern, northeastern, and southeastern Brazil. In this study, morphological species boundaries were based mainly on avicularian characters. For two morphologically very similar species, boundaries are partially supported by 16 S rDNA molecular data. Results Nine species are newly described from Brazil, as follows: Bugula bowiei n. sp. ( = Bugula turrita sensu Marcus, 1937) from the southern, northeastern, and southeastern coasts; Bugula foliolata n. sp. ( = Bugula flabellata sensu Marcus, 1938), Bugula guara n. sp., Bugula biota n. sp. and Bugula ingens n. sp from the southeastern coast; Bugula gnoma n. sp. and Bugula alba n. sp. from the northeastern coast; Bugula rochae n. sp. ( = Bugula uniserialis sensu Marcus, 1937) from the southern coast; and Bugula migottoi n. sp., from the southeastern and southern coasts. Conclusion The results contribute to the morphological characterization and the knowledge of the species richness of the genus in the southwestern Atlantic (i.e., Brazil), through the description of new species in poorly sampled areas and also on the southeastern coast of that country. Additionally, the taxonomic status of the Brazilian specimens attributed to B. flabellata, B. turrita and B. uniserialis are clarified by detailed studies on zooidal and avicularia morphology.

Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea)

Species in the genus Bugula are globally distributed. They are most abundant in tropical and temperate shallow waters, but representatives are found in polar regions. Seven species occur in the Arctic and one in the Antarctic and species are represented in continental shelf or greater depths as well. The main characters used to define the genus include birds head pedunculate avicularia, erect colonies, embryos brooded in globular ooecia and branches comprising two or more series of zooids. Skeletal morphology has been the primary source of taxonomic information for many calcified bryozoan groups, including the Buguloidea. Several morphological characters, however, have been suggested to be homoplastic at distinct taxonomic levels, in the light of molecular phylogenies. Our purpose was to investigate the phylogenetic interrelationships of the genus Bugula, based on molecular phylogenetics and morphology. A Bayesian molecular phylogeny was constructed using original and previously published sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and the large ribosomal RNA subunit (16S). Morphological characteristics from scanning electron and light microscopy were used to confirm the clades detected by the molecular phylogeny. Our results suggest that the genus is composed of four clades, for which we provide diagnoses: Bugula sensu stricto (30 species), Bugulina (24 species), Crisularia (23 species) and the monotypic Virididentula gen. n. Ten species could not be assigned to any of those genera, so they remain as genus incertae sedis. Our findings highlight the importance of using molecular phylogenies in association with morphological characters in systematic revisions of bryozoan taxa.

A phylogeny of Vesiculariidae (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) supports synonymization of three genera and reveals possible cryptic diversity

Compared to their calcified sister group, order Cheilostomata, uncalcified ctenostome bryozoans exhibit relatively simple and often inconsistent morphologies, making them particularly suitable candidates for the use of molecular tools to delimit species and examine their interrelationships. The family Vesiculariidae is composed of six genera, three of which, Zoobotryon, Avenella and Watersiana are monotypic, and one, Vesicularia, encompasses four species. The majority of vesiculariid diversity, however, is found in Amathia (39 species) and Bowerbankia (21 species). The respective monophyletic status for Amathia and Bowerbankia has recently been put into question by molecular evidence and is being further examined in this study. Multigene (ssrDNA, rrnL, cox1) phylogenetic analysis revealed that Bowerbankia is paraphyletic to the inclusion of Zoobotryon and Amathia, where the latter was resolved as non‐monophyletic. Although Vesicularia also nested within this paraphyletic assemblage in some of the analyses, Bayesian topology testing did not support this result. Our results are discussed within the context of published morphological evidence and lead to the conclusion that Bowerbankia and Zoobotryon should be classified as junior subjective synonyms of Amathia. A revised nomenclature is provided. Furthermore, we examined genetic divergences between widely distributed supposed conspecific species and discovered possible cryptic diversity in the outgroup taxon Anguinella palmata and in Bowerbankia citrina, Amathia vidovici and Amathia crispa.

Evidence for polyphyly of the genus Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Candidae) based on a phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters.

The bryozoan genus Scrupocellaria comprises about 80 species in the family Candidae. We propose a hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among species assigned to Scrupocellaria to serve as framework for a phylogenetic classification using 35 morphological characters. Our results suggest that the genus Scrupocellaria is polyphyletic. Scrupocellaria s. str. is redefined according to four morphological features: vibracular chamber with a curved setal groove, ooecium with a single ectooecial fenestra, two axillary vibracula, and a membranous operculum with a distinct distal rim. Thus, the genus includes only 11 species: Scrupocellaria aegeensis, Scrupocellaria delilii, Scrupocellaria harmeri, Scrupocellaria incurvata, Scrupocellaria inermis, Scrupocellaria intermedia, Scrupocellaria jullieni, Scrupocellaria minuta, Scrupocellaria puelcha, Scrupocellaria scrupea, and Scrupocellaria scruposa. The monophyly of Cradoscrupocellaria is supported and five new genera are erected: Aquiloniella n. gen., Aspiscellaria n. gen., Paralicornia n. gen., Pomocellaria n. gen. and Scrupocaberea n. gen. Two other new genera, Bathycellaria n. gen. and Sinocellaria n. gen., are erected to accommodate two poorly known species, Scrupocellaria profundis Osburn and Scrupocellaria uniseriata Liu, respectively. Scrupocellaria congesta is tentatively assigned to Tricellaria. Fifteen species are reassigned to Licornia: Licornia cookie n. comb., Licornia micheli n. comb., Licornia milneri n. comb., Licornia curvata n. comb., Licornia diegensis n. comb., Licornia drachi n. comb., Licornia mexicana n. comb., Licornia pugnax n. comb., Licornia raigadensis n. comb., Licornia regularis n. comb., Licornia resseri n. comb., Licornia securifera n. comb., Licornia spinigera n. comb., Licornia tridentata n. comb., and Licornia wasinensis n. comb. Notoplites americanus n. name is proposed as a replacement name for Scrupocellaria clausa Canu & Bassler. Three fossil species are reassigned to Canda: Canda rathbuni n. comb., Canda triangulata n. comb. and Canda williardi n. comb. A species is reassigned to Notoplites, Notoplites elegantissima n. comb. The generic assignment of eleven species of Scrupocellaria, including Scrupocellaria macandrei, remains uncertain.

A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic

A new species of cheilostome bryozoan, Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp., was collected in December 2008 by scuba at 5-10 meters depth at Guaibura Beach, Guarapari, Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. The specimen was found associated with tubes of the cerianthid Pachycerianthus sp., representing the first commensal association between a bryozoan and a tube-dwelling anemone. Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp. is the third species of the genus found in Brazilian waters; it is distinguished from other Atlantic species of Fenestrulina by its small angular orificial condyles, a single oral spine and basal anchoring rhizoids arising from abfrontal pore chambers. Morphological adaptations to encrust the tubes of cerianthids include anchoring rootlets and weakly contiguous zooids. These morphological features allow the colony the flexibility to grow around the tube and feed relatively undisturbed by silt and detritus, being raised well above the soft-sediment substratum in which the tube-anemone grows.

Scientific Results of the Hassler Expedition. Bryozoa. No. 2. Brazil

Abstract An unidentified collection of bryozoans made by L. F. Pourtalès and L. Agassiz during the Hassler Expedition (1871–1872) was recently discovered in the teaching collection of the Invertebrate Paleontology Department at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Bryozoan samples found included stations from Barbados to Brazil and around the coast of South America to La Jolla, California. The first and most successful deepwater collecting of bryozoans was done early in the expedition at two stations (146 m and 183 m) off Barbados, on December 29 and 30, 1871. Thirty-one taxa of bryozoans were collected at the Barbados stations: five cyclostomes and 26 cheilostomes, including one new genus. None of the cyclostomes was reproductive, so taxa could not be identified to species level. Of the 26 cheilostomes, 16 represent new species: Caberea hassleri, Cellaria louisorum, Exochella tropica, Smittoidea reginae, Parasmittina barbadensis, Parkermavella salebrosa, Hippoporina rutelliformis, Metroperiella agassizi, Stylopoma haywardi, Barbadiopsis trepida, Gemelliporina hastata, Buffonellaria ensifera, Cigclisula gemmea, Rhynchozoon sexaspinatum, Stephanollona propinqua, and Reteporellina directa. All species found are described and illustrated with scanning electron microscope photographs. Bryozoans of the Hassler Expedition are now incorporated into the collections of the Department of Marine Invertebrates of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Scientific Results of theHasslerExpedition. Bryozoa. No. 2. Brazil

Abstract Fifty species of bryozoans from three Brazilian stations dredged by L. Agassiz and L. F. Pourtalès during the Hassler Expedition (1871–1872) are described and illustrated here. The U.S.S. Hassler was built in New Jersey for use by the U.S. Coast Survey off the west coast of North America. Benjamin Peirce, then superintendent of the Survey, invited L. Agassiz to form a scientific party to collect specimens and make scientific observations during the course of repositioning the Hassler from Boston to San Francisco. The bryozoan samples were discovered in the Invertebrate Paleontology collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology and are now incorporated into the collections of the Department of Marine Invertebrates of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. The first paper on the collection, consisting of the bryozoan material from Barbados, was published in 2009 (Winston and Woollacott 2009). Taxonomic results from the Brazilian segment of the expedition include 24 new cheilostome species, Antropora hastata, Retevirgula multipunctata, Parellisina lunatirostris, Discoporella salvadorensis, Canda alsia, Micropora angustiscapulis, Floridina proterva, Labioporella tuberculata, Cellaria brasiliensis, Puellina octospinosa, Trypostega tropicalis, Poricella frigorosa, Exochella frigidula, Metrarabdotos jani, Parasmittina simpulata, Parasmittina loxoides, Stylopoma rotundum, Stylopoma carioca, Fenestrulina constellata, Buffonellaria variavicularis, Turbicellepora brasiliensis, Fodinella atlantica, Plesiocleidochasma foliosum, and Cigclisula tuberculata; one new combination; and three new cyclostome species, Plagioecia bugei, Nevianopora arcuata, and Disporella brasiliana. Two new families, Marcusadoreidae and Vitrimurellidae, and one new genus, Vitrimurella, are also described. The bryozoan material comes from three of the Brazilian locations where the Hassler Expedition dredged. Eleven species were collected from a station north of Salvador, Bahia state, in 15–17 fathoms (fms) (27.4–31 m). The other two stations were both off Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state. Eleven species were found in the dredge haul from 35 fms (56.7 m), while 32 species occurred in the second haul from 35–45 fms (56.7–82 m). Species from the Bahia station have more tropical affinities; those collected from off Cabo Frio are subtropical–temperate. There was no overlap between the stations from the two regions. Most striking is the fact that 142 years after the collections were made, and on the basis of this very limited material, more than half the species found were new to science, or were species that had previously been misidentified, so needed new names and descriptions: Canda alsia, Labioporella tuberculata, Metrarabdotos jani, Nevianipora arcuata, Parasmittina loxoides, Parasmittina simpulata, and Plagioecia bugei.

Eutaleola, a replacement name for the homonym Euteleia (Bryozoa: Pasytheidae)

Eutaleola nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Euteleia Marcus, 1938 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata), a secondary homonym of Euteleia Raffray, 1904 (Arthropoda: Coleoptera). Eutaleola is a monospecific genus of Pasytheida e, found in warm shallow waters on both sides of the Atlantic and in deeper waters of the eastern Pacific. Brazilian material of Eutaleola evelinae (Marcus, 1938) comb. nov. is described and illustrated.