Legesse Kassa Debusho

Servqual as a socio-technical approach to measuring e-Government service quality and guiding e-Governance strategies

e-Government services and e-governance have been embraced in many African countries. Nonetheless, measuring the value of e-government remains a challenge. Key to a successful evaluation of progress towards e-governance is the contextual approach, in which ICT is embedded as part of a holistic solution to governance. When carried through without considering the complementary influences of society on ICT and of ICT on society, e-government services can lead to little added value, or even to an exacerbation of societal problems and lack of progress towards e-governance. Although much has been written on e-governance in Africa, few authors have extended the discussion to measuring quality of service and lack of progress towards e-governance. In South Africa, the Batho Pele (People First) policy of service quality is the contextual approach within which e-governance is embedded, because of its good governance attributes. This article relates Batho Pele to SERVQUAL, a framework widely used to measure customer service quality in the retail sector, and adapts the framework for measuring service quality in community e-government service centres, known as Thusong Service Centres (TSC). The analysis, using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), is consistent with what is known: service quality in TSCs is low and requires regular measurement and evaluation to inform future quality improvements. The article argues that an adapted SERVQUAL instrument, taking into account Batho Pele principles and situational context, can be used as a guide to innovation in e-government service delivery. It is an appropriate socio-technical tool to collect data to inform e-governance strategies in African countries which share the same social context as South Africa.

The Structure of Parental Bonding in South African Students

The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI: Parker, Tupling & Brown, 1979) offers a practical way of conceptualizing parental experiences. In the present study, PBI scores of 522 students from a South African university were factor analyzed, yielding a three-factor structure for the maternal-PBI subscale. However, the paternal-PBI data were interpretable only for a four-factor solution. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted and Kendlers (1996) three-factor model offered the best-fit to the maternal-PBI data. The regression analyses on depression versus PBI factors of warmth, protectiveness and authoritarianism showed that higher parenting-style scores of maternal authoritarianism and paternal warmth increased the subjective experience of depression, and paternal protectiveness predicted a decrease of depression reports.

Characterizing pathology in erythrocytes using morphological and biophysical membrane properties: Relation to impaired hemorheology and cardiovascular function in rheumatoid arthritis

The inflammatory burden of the complex rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease affects several organ-systems, including rheological properties of blood and its formed elements. Red blood cells (RBCs) are constantly exposed to circulating dysregulated inflammatory molecules that are co-transported within the vasculature; and their membranes may be particularly vulnerable to the accompanying oxidative stress. In the current study, we investigate biophysical and ultrastructural characteristics of RBCs obtained from a cohort of patients using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy (CM). Statistical analyses of AFM data showed that RA RBCs possessed significantly reduced membrane elasticity relative to that of RBCs from healthy individuals (P-value <0.0001). SEM imaging of RA RBCs revealed increased anisocytes and poikilocytes. Poikilocytes included knizocytes, stomatocytes, dacryocytes, irregularly contracted cells, and knot cells. CM imaging of several RA RBCs, spectrin, and band 3 protein networks portrayed the similar morphological profiles. Analyses of CM images confirmed changes to distribution of band-3 skeletal protein, a protein critical for gaseous exchange functions of the RBC and preventing membrane surface loss. Decreased membrane deformability impairs the RBCs capacity to adequately adapt its shape to navigate blood vessels, especially microvasculature, and this decrease is also reflected in the cells morphology. Changes to morphology and deformability may also indicate loss of functional domains and/or pathological protein and lipid associations. These findings suggest that RA disease and/or its concomitant factors impact on the RBC and its membrane integrity with potential for exacerbating pathological cellular function, hemorheology, and cardiovascular function.

Factorial invariance and latent mean differences of the Beck Depression Inventory – second edition (BDI-II) across gender in South African university students

This study examined the measurement invariance of scores from the BDI-II as well as the differences in latent mean scores by gender. Participants were 919 South African university students (females = 72%). They completed the BDI-II, which is a measure of Negative Attitude (NA), Performance Difficulty (PD), Somatic Complaints (S) and Depression (D). The data were analysed utilising multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MCFA). Evidence of factorial invariance was established at the level of configural, metric and scalar invariance, across gender groups. Females scored significantly higher latent means on measures of NA and S compared to males.

Work-family and family-work conflicts amongst African nurses caring for patients with AIDS

Background South African nursing environments are marked by various incapacitating stressors. This study explores work-family (W-F) and family-work (F-W) conflicts as aspects of stress amongst nurses working with patients who have AIDS. Objectives The study sought to determine the value of W-F and F-W conflicts as predictors of work and family satisfaction, as well as turnover intentions and the moderating role of supervisor and significant other support, amongst nurses caring for patients with AIDS in public hospitals within the Capricorn and Mopani districts, Limpopo Province. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design, with data collected at one point only. Ninety-one nursing staff provided the data for the study by completing structured, self-administered surveys. Analysis involved computing correlations of all study variables. Thereafter, associated variables were used as predictors. In each predictive analysis, the nurses’ stress served as a control variable, W-F and F-W conflicts were the independent variables and significant others and supervisor supports were moderators. Interaction terms were derived from independent and moderator variables. Results Although the findings of the study were not generally supportive of the hypotheses advanced, they nevertheless showed, amongst other findings, that F-W conflict predicted work satisfaction whilst W-F conflict predicted turnover intentions. Moreover, significant other support had a direct effect on family satisfaction whilst supervisor support moderated reports of W-F conflict and experiences of work satisfaction. Conclusions The study showed that inter-role models that appear to be established in the context of developed societies require some further investigations in South Africa.

Ridge regression technique to determine the environmental influences on tef (Eragrostis tef) grain yield

Abstract Tef grain yield is dependent on a number of component characters such as plant height and panicle length. These characters and consequently yield are governed by a large number of factors including environmental factors. The objective of this paper was to determine the environmental influences on tef grain yield. The effects of eleven environmental variables on tef yield were studied using least squares and ridge regression analyses. The results revealed that the least squares estimates of regression coefficients for seven environmental variables did not give a correct indication of the influence of the variables on tef yield but that the estimates from ridge regression were stable. In addition, the ridge regression model has a lower mean square error. Tef grain yield is positively correlated to rainfall, average monthly minimum temperatures, soils dominated by silt with adequate quantities of available nitrogen while it is negatively influenced by average monthly maximum temperatures and clay soils. The results obtained from this study are in accordance with previous literature about the effects of environmental factors on yield of tef cultivars.

Yield, resource use efficiency and trace metal uptake of weeping lovegrass grown on municipal sludge‐amended soil

BACKGROUND There are concerns that fertilization using sludge in semi-arid areas, where water is limiting, will compound the effect of drought, resulting in the decline of yield from potential salt accumulation. This study investigated impacts of annual sludge application at 0, 4, 8 and 16 Mg ha-1 on weeping lovegrass hay yield, crude protein (CP) content, rainfall use efficiency (RUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and trace metal uptake over eight consecutive years. RESULTS Both hay yield and RUE increased by 5-53% as the sludge rate increased. Hay yield was highest (13.3 Mg ha-1 ) during the wet season and RUE (27.1 kg mm-1 ) during the dry season. RUE was highest at sludge rates of 16 Mg ha-1 and NUE at 4 Mg ha-1 . Similarly, municipal sludge application increased CP content as well as crop Cr and Zn uptake from the 16 Mg ha-1 treatment. CONCLUSION Results from this study indicated that eight consecutive years of treated municipal sludge application increased weeping lovegrass hay yield, CP content and RUE. Similarly, trace metal uptake by crop did not differ between the zero control and the 16 Mg ha-1 treatment, except for Zn and Cr, which showed a slight increment. Nonetheless, all trace metals remained well below the maximum tolerable dietary concentrations for domestic animals.

Algorithmic construction of optimal block designs for two-colour cDNA microarray experiments using the linear mixed effects model

ABSTRACT In this study, methods for efficient construction of A-, MV-, D- and E-optimal or near-optimal block designs for two-colour cDNA microarray experiments with array as the block effect are considered. Two algorithms, namely the array exchange and treatment exchange algorithms together with the complete enumeration technique are introduced. For large numbers of arrays or treatments or both, the complete enumeration method is highly computer intensive. The treatment exchange algorithm computes the optimal or near-optimal designs faster than the array exchange algorithm. The two methods however produce optimal or near-optimal designs with the same efficiency under the four optimality criteria.

Bayesian modelling of extreme wind speed at Cape Town, South Africa

In the framework of generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, the frequentist and Bayesian methods have been used to analyse the extremes of annual maxima wind speed recorded by automatic weather stations in Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. In the frequentist approach, the GEV distribution parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood, whereas in the Bayesian method the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique with the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm was used. The results show that the GEV model with trend in the location parameter appears to be a better model for annual maxima data. The paper also discusses a method to construct informative priors empirically using historical data of the underlying process from other weather stations. The results from the Bayesian analysis show that posterior inference might be affected by the choice of priors and hence by the distance between a weather station used to formulate the priors and the point of interest.