Leni Sagita Riantini Supriadi

The Management of Crisis

This chapter reviews the theories relating to the concept of crisis management in organizations. The first section describes an overview of management concepts in general. It is then followed by a review of mainstream theories in organizations which had evolved from the traditional organizational theories into systems and contingency theories. Other essential concepts relating to the organization such as complexity, and change are also discussed in this section. Furthermore, the chapter continues to describe crisis management, its definition, history of development and its main concepts.

Mainstream Theories: Implementation by Contractors

This chapter reviews the mainstream theories that have been described in the previous chapters (Chaps. 2, 3 and 4) for implementation by contractors. It starts from describing the implementation of organizational management and traditional organizational theory, including systems theory, contingency theory, complexity theory, and change management. Furthermore, the implementations of crisis management and BCM in construction are discussed. The final section elaborates culture in organization and institutional theory’s role in construction.

Knowledge Based Decision Support System (KBDSS)

This chapter reviews the Knowledge Based Decision Support System (KBDSS) as part of the decision making tools. Decision making process will be described in general, followed by reviews on various decision making tools. The second part will elaborate on an overview of DSS, including its development and implementation. KBDSS will be described afterwards with a discussion of its general concept and its implementation, particularly in the construction industry and for emergency management (aspects that are focused in this study). The final part will discuss the development of KBDSS, its formulation, system development, and validation process.

Organizational Culture and Institutional Forces

This chapter reviews culture in organizations and the institutional theory. An overview and definitions on culture is described, followed by review on organizational culture dimensions. Managing organizational culture and its benefits are also discussed. The second section discusses the institutional theory, including its definitions and the three pillars or forces of institutions.

Data Analysis: Surveys

This chapter elaborates upon the data analysis and results from the surveys. A description of the pilot study conducted before the survey is provided in the first section. Following that, details of the questionnaire survey are provided, including the results of each section from the questionnaire. Lastly, the survey validation is explained thoroughly.

Findings and Discussion

This chapter elaborates the findings from the data analyses results that were described in Chaps. 10, 11 and 12. Firstly, findings from surveys and case studies are explained and this is followed by discussion on BCM implementation guidelines development. These aspects are grouped into the findings and discussion section for RQ1. Secondly, findings from the BCM-KBDSS development and validation are addressed, where these aspects are part of the findings and discussion section for RQ2. The summary section diagrammatically illustrates all the findings that relate to the research questions (RQ1 and RQ2). This diagrammatic illustration updates the study’s conceptual framework.

The Indonesian Construction Industry

This chapter describes an overview of the Indonesian construction industry. It starts with introducing a general profile of the country, its location, demography, form of state and legal system, and its economic performance. This section is then followed by an overview of the Indonesian construction industry. It describes the industry’s activities, contribution to the national’s economic growth, its stakeholders and support infrastructure, regulations and management systems, latest developments and lessons learned. The third section is a description about Indonesian construction firms, which focuses on the contractors and their business activities. The last section of this chapter links the Indonesian contractors with the background of this study, which is a review of the crises faced by the Indonesian contractors.

Data Analysis: Case Studies

The results of the case studies, interviews and BCM implementation guidelines development are presented in this chapter. The case studies are presented using various sources of evidence in exploring BCM implementation in the selected construction firms. The findings from the case studies and interviews were analyzed qualitatively to develop the BCM implementation guidelines. Elements of the guidelines are presented in this chapter.

Data Analysis: BCM-KBDSS Development

The final part of the study’s data analysis is presented in this chapter. The first section elaborates the development of the BCM-KBDSS, where each element of the system will be described. Following that, the validation process of the BCM-KBDSS will be discussed and the results will be shown.