Leonardo Vanzi

Dust in active nuclei - I. Evidence for "anomalous"properties

We present observational evidences that dust in the circumnuclear region of AGNs has different properties than in the Galactic diffuse interstellar medium. By comparing the reddening of optical and infrared broad lines and the X-ray absorbing column density we find that the E(B-V)/N_H ratio is nearly always lower than Galactic by a factor ranging from ~3 up to ~100. Other observational results indicate that the Av/N_H ratio is significantly lower than Galactic in various classes of AGNs including intermediate type 1.8-1.9 Seyferts, hard X-ray selected and radio selected quasars, broad absorption line QSOs and grism selected QSOs. The lack of prominent absorption features at 9.7um (silicates) and at 2175A (carbon dip) in the spectra of Seyfert 2s and of reddened Seyfert 1s, respectively, add further evidence for dust in the circumnuclear region of AGNs being different from Galactic. These observational results indicate that the dust composition in the circumnuclear region of AGNs could be dominated by large grains, which make the extinction curve flatter, featureless and are responsible for the reduction of the E(B-V)/N_H and Av/N_H ratios. Regardless of the physical origin of these phenomena, the reduced dust absorption with respect to what expected from the gaseous column density should warn about a mismatch between the optical and the X-ray classification of the active galactic nuclei in terms of their obscuration.

Metallicity Effects on Dust Properties in Starbursting Galaxies

We present infrared observations of 66 starburst galaxies over the full range of oxygen abundances observed in local star-forming galaxies, from -->12 + log (O/H) = 7.1 to 8.9. The data include imaging and spectroscopy from the Spitzer Space Telescope, supplemented by ground-based near-infrared imaging. We confirm a strong correlation of aromatic emission with metallicity, with a threshold at -->12 + log (O/H) ~ 8. We show that the far-infrared color temperature of the large dust grains increases toward lower metallicity, peaking at a metallicity of 8 before turning over. We compute dust masses and compare them to H I masses from the literature to derive the ratio of atomic gas to dust, which increases by nearly 3 orders of magnitude between solar metallicity and a metallicity of 8, below which it flattens out. The abrupt change in aromatic emission at mid-infrared wavelengths thus appears to be reflected in the far-infrared properties, indicating that metallicity changes affect the composition of the full range of dust grain sizes that dominate the infrared emission. Although the great majority of galaxies show similar patterns of behavior as described above, there are three exceptions, SBS 0335?052E, Haro 11, and SHOC 391. Their infrared SEDs are dominated energetically by the mid-IR near 24 ?m rather than by the 60-200 ?m region. In addition, they have very weak near-infrared outputs and their SEDs are dominated by emission by dust at wavelengths as short as 1.8 ?m. The latter behavior indicates that the dominant star-forming episodes in them are extremely young. The component of the ISM responsible for the usual far-infrared emission appears to be either missing or inefficiently heated in these three galaxies.

Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of SN 1999ee and SN 1999ex

We report optical and infrared spectroscopic observations of the Type Ia SN 1999ee and the Type Ib/c SN 1999ex, both of which were hosted by the galaxy IC 5179. For SN 1999ee we obtained a continuous sequence with an unprecedented wavelength and temporal coverage beginning 9 days before maximum light and extending through day 42. Before maximum light SN 1999ee displayed a normal spectrum with a strong Si II λ6355 absorption, thus showing that not all slow-declining supernovae (SNe) are spectroscopically peculiar at these evolutionary phases. A comparative study of the infrared spectra of SN 1999ee and other Type Ia SNe shows that there is a remarkable homogeneity among the Branch-normal SNe Ia during their first 60 days of evolution. SN 1991bg–like objects, on the other hand, display spectroscopic peculiarities at infrared wavelengths. SN 1999ex was characterized by the lack of hydrogen lines, weak optical He I lines, and strong He I λλ10830, 20581, thus providing an example of an intermediate case between pure Ib and Ic supernovae. We conclude, therefore, that SN 1999ex provides the first clear evidence for a link between the Ib and Ic classes and that there is a continuous spectroscopic sequence ranging from the He-deficient SNe Ic to the SNe Ib, which are characterized by strong optical He I lines.

A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo

Hitherto, rings have been found exclusively around the four giant planets in the Solar System. Rings are natural laboratories in which to study dynamical processes analogous to those that take place during the formation of planetary systems and galaxies. Their presence also tells us about the origin and evolution of the body they encircle. Here we report observations of a multichord stellar occultation that revealed the presence of a ring system around (10199) Chariklo, which is a Centaur—that is, one of a class of small objects orbiting primarily between Jupiter and Neptune—with an equivalent radius of 124  9 kilometres (ref. 2). There are two dense rings, with respective widths of about 7 and 3 kilometres, optical depths of 0.4 and 0.06, and orbital radii of 391 and 405 kilometres. The present orientation of the ring is consistent with an edge-on geometry in 2008, which provides a simple explanation for the dimming of the Chariklo system between 1997 and 2008, and for the gradual disappearance of ice and other absorption features in its spectrum over the same period. This implies that the rings are partly composed of water ice. They may be the remnants of a debris disk, possibly confined by embedded, kilometre-sized satellites.

The infrared supernova rate in starburst galaxies

We report the results of our ongoing search for extincted supernovae (SNe) at near-infrared wavelengths. We have monitored at 2.2m a sample of 46 Luminous Infrared Galaxies and detected 4 SNe. The number of detections is still small but sucient to provide the first estimate of supernova rate at near-infrared wavelengths. We measure a SN rate of SN NIR = 7:6 3:8 SNu which is an order of magnitude larger than observed in quiescent galaxies. On the other hand, the observed near- infrared rate is still a factor 3 10 smaller than that estimated from the far-infrared luminosity of the galaxies. Among various possibilities, the most likely scenario is that dust extinction is so high ( AV> 30) to obscure most SNe even in the near-IR. The role of type Ia SNe is also discussed within this context. We derive the type Ia SN rate as a function of the stellar mass of the galaxy and find a sharp increase toward galaxies with higher activity of star formation. This suggests that a significant fraction of type Ia SNe are associated with young stellar populations. Finally, as a by-product, we give the average K-band light curve of core-collapse SNe based on all the existing data, and review the relation between SN rate and far-infrared luminosity.

Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV

MOONS is a new conceptual design for a Multi-Object Optical and Near-infrared Spectrograph for the Very Large Telescope (VLT), selected by ESO for a Phase A study. The baseline design consists of ~1000 fibers deployable over a field of view of ~500 square arcmin, the largest patrol field offered by the Nasmyth focus at the VLT. The total wavelength coverage is 0.8μm-1.8μm and two resolution modes: medium resolution and high resolution. In the medium resolution mode (R~4,000-6,000) the entire wavelength range 0.8μm-1.8μm is observed simultaneously, while the high resolution mode covers simultaneously three selected spectral regions: one around the CaII triplet (at R~8,000) to measure radial velocities, and two regions at R~20,000 one in the J-band and one in the H-band, for detailed measurements of chemical abundances. The grasp of the 8.2m Very Large Telescope (VLT) combined with the large multiplex and wavelength coverage of MOONS – extending into the near-IR – will provide the observational power necessary to study galaxy formation and evolution over the entire history of the Universe, from our Milky Way, through the redshift desert and up to the epoch of re-ionization at z<8-9. At the same time, the high spectral resolution mode will allow astronomers to study chemical abundances of stars in our Galaxy, in particular in the highly obscured regions of the Bulge, and provide the necessary follow-up of the Gaia mission. Such characteristics and versatility make MOONS the long-awaited workhorse near-IR MOS for the VLT, which will perfectly complement optical spectroscopy performed by FLAMES and VIMOS.

Results of a Deep Imaging Survey of One Square Degree of the Pleiades for Low-Luminosity Cluster Members

We have obtained relatively deep imaging in two colors, with limiting magnitudes of V ~ 22.5 and Ic ~ 21, of about one square degree of the Pleiades open cluster. Our primary goal was to identify new candidate brown dwarf members of this ~100 Myr-old open cluster. In the process, we have also obtained V and Ic photometry for a large number of brighter proper-motion members of the cluster for which only photographic photometry had been available up until now. We identify six candidate objects whose locations in a V versus (V - I)c color-magnitude diagram are consistent with their being Pleiades members near or below the hydrogen-burning mass limit. We have obtained near-infrared photometry for several of these brown dwarf candidates, as well as for a selection of previously identified very low mass Pleiades members, and we use this new photometry to help determine whether the objects identified in the visual are indeed Pleiades members or not. Finally, we have obtained a moderate-resolution spectrum of one of the new brown dwarf candidates with the Keck LRIS spectrograph. The spectrum shows that the star has a spectral type of M7, which is compatible with its photometric colors, and that it has an Hα equivalent width of about 14 A and a marginally detected lithium 6708 A absorption equivalent width of about 0.4 A. These spectroscopic characteristics suggest that this object (MHObd1) is indeed a Pleiades member with a mass at or slightly above the hydrogen-burning mass limit.

The deeply embedded starburst in SBS 0335-052

We present 4 m ISAAC imaging and spectroscopy of the extremely metal-poor dwarf galaxy SBS 0335- 052, aimed at a better understanding of the dust in this low-metallicity galaxy. The 4 m emission turns out to be very compact, conned to the brightest pair of Super Star Clusters (SSCs). The Ks{L 0 color is extremely red, and the L 0 emission is consistent with the extrapolation of the ISO mid-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED). From hydrogen recombination lines and a t to the near-/mid-infrared SED, we conrm a visual extinction of >15 mag. Our data suggest that the sites of the optical and infrared emission are distinct: the optical spectral lines come from an almost dustless region with a high star formation rate and a few thousand OB stars. This region lies along the line-of-sight to a very dusty central star cluster in which there are more than three times as many massive stars, completely hidden in the optical. From the extinction, we derive an upper limit for the dust mass of 10 5 M which could be produced by recent supernovae.

THE SIZE, SHAPE, ALBEDO, DENSITY, AND ATMOSPHERIC LIMIT OF TRANSNEPTUNIAN OBJECT (50000) QUAOAR FROM MULTI-CHORD STELLAR OCCULTATIONS

We present results derived from the first multi-chord stellar occultations by the transneptunian object (50000) Quaoar, observed on 2011 May 4 and 2012 February 17, and from a single-chord occultation observed on 2012 October 15. If the timing of the five chords obtained in 2011 were correct, then Quaoar would possess topographic features (crater or mountain) that would be too large for a body of this mass. An alternative model consists in applying time shifts to some chords to account for possible timing errors. Satisfactory elliptical fits to the chords are then possible, yielding an equivalent radius Requiv = 555±2.5 km and geometric visual albedo pV = 0.109±0.007. Assuming that Quaoar is a Maclaurin spheroid with an indeterminate polar aspect angle, we derive a true oblateness of � = 0.087 +0.0268 −0.0175 , an equatorial radius of 569 +2417 km, and a density of 1.99 ± 0.46 g cm −3 . The orientation of our preferred solution in the plane of the sky implies that Quaoar’s satellite Weywot cannot have an equatorial orbit. Finally, we detect no global atmosphere around Quaoar, considering a pressure upper limit of about 20 nbar for a pure methane atmosphere.

Integral field near-infrared spectroscopy of II Zw 40

We present integral field spectroscopy in the near-infrared of the nearby starburst galaxy II Zw 40. Our new observations provide an unprecedented detailed view of the interstellar medium and star formation of this galaxy. The radiation emitted by the galaxy is dominated by a giant HII region, which extends over an area of more than 400 pc in size. A few clusters are present in this area, however, one, in particular, appears to be the main source of ionizing photons. We derive the properties of this object and compare them with those of the 30 Doradus cluster in the Large magellanic cloud (LMC). We study the spatial distribution and velocity field of different components of the inetrstellar medium (ISM), mostly through the Bracket series lines, the molecular hydrogen spectrum, and [Fell]. We find that [Fell] and H 2 are mostly photon excited, but while the region emitting [Fell] is almost coincident with the giant HII region observed in the lines of atomic H and He, the H 2 has a quite different distribution in space and velocity. The age of the stellar population in the main cluster is such that no supernova (SN) should be present yet so that the gas kinematics must be dominated by the young stars. We do not see, in the starbursting region, any geometrical or dynamical structure that can be related to the large scale morphology of the galaxy.