Lesley McCowan

Perinatal predictors of growth patterns to 18 months in children born small for gestational age

AIMnTo determine factors before or at birth that are predictive of growth patterns to 18 months in children born small for gestational age (SGA).nnnMETHODSnProspective cohort study of 186 SGA babies. Catch-up growth patterns were defined as early (>10th centile at 6 and 18 months), late (<10th centile at 6 months but >10th centile at 18 months), transient (>10th centile at 6 months but <10th centile at 18 months) or none (<10th centile at 6 and 18 months).nnnRESULTSnMost children (75%) showed catch-up growth by 6 months. Of antenatal variables studied, only early gestation at diagnosis of SGA predicted late or failed catch-up. Late or failed catch-up was also associated with short gestation, small absolute and relative size at birth, increased placental weight/birthweight ratio (Pl/BW) and prolonged neonatal hospital stay. On logistic regression, both late and failed catch-up were associated with short birth length. Late catch-up growth was also associated with prolonged hospital stay and male sex. Failed catch-up was associated with increased Pl/BW. No antenatal or perinatal variables distinguished early from transient catch-up groups.nnnCONCLUSIONnSGA babies with late onset and less severe growth restriction have a good chance of catch-up growth by 6 months of age. Catch-up growth is likely to be delayed in SGA babies who are short at birth, are boys, and have prolonged hospital stays. However, poor growth over the first 6 months does not predict later growth patterns. Failure of catch-up growth in babies with increased Pl/BW may reflect an intrinsic growth defect. Transient catch-up growth may reflect environmental factors operating after birth.

Effects of antenatal exercise in overweight and obese pregnant women on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a randomised controlled trial

To assess whether antenatal exercise in overweight/obese women would improve maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Clinical Prediction in Early Pregnancy of Infants Small for Gestational Age by Customised Birthweight Centiles: Findings from a Healthy Nulliparous Cohort

Objective Small for gestational age (SGA) infants comprise up to 50% of all stillbirths and a minority are detected before birth. We aimed to develop and validate early pregnancy predictive models for SGA infants. Methods 5628 participants from SCOPE, a prospective study of nulliparous pregnant women, were interviewed at 15±1 weeks’ gestation. Fetal anthropometry, uterine and umbilical Doppler studies were performed at 20±1 weeks’. The cohort was divided into training (nu200a=u200a3735) and validation datasets (nu200a=u200a1871). All-SGA (birthweight <10th customised centile), Normotensive-SGA (SGA with normotensive mother) and Hypertensive-SGA (SGA with mother who developed hypertension) were the primary outcomes. Multivariable analysis was performed using stepwise logistic regression firstly using clinical variables and then with clinical and ultrasound variables. Receiver operator curves were constructed and areas under the curve (AUC) calculated. Results 633 infants (11.3%) in the whole cohort were SGA; 465 (8.3%) Normotensive-SGA and 165 (3.0%) Hypertensive-SGA. In the training dataset risk factors for All-SGA at 15±1 weeks’ included: family history of coronary heart disease, maternal birthweight <3000 g and 3000 g to 3499 g compared with ≥3500 g, >12 months to conceive, university student, cigarette smoking, proteinuria, daily vigorous exercise and diastolic blood pressure ≥80. Recreational walking ≥4 times weekly, rhesus negative blood group and increasing random glucose were protective. AUC for clinical risk factors was 0.63. Fetal abdominal or head circumference z scores <10th centile and increasing uterine artery Doppler resistance at 20±1 weeks’ were associated with increased risk. Addition of these parameters increased the AUC to 0.69. Clinical predictors of Normotensive and Hypertensive-SGA were sub-groups of All-SGA predictors and were quite different. The combined clinical and ultrasound AUC for Normotensive and Hypertensive-SGA were 0.69 and 0.82 respectively. Conclusion Predictors for SGA of relevance to clinical practice were identified. The identity and predictive potential differed in normotensive women and those who developed hypertension.

Antenatal exercise in overweight and obese women and its effects on offspring and maternal health: design and rationale of the IMPROVE (Improving Maternal and Progeny Obesity Via Exercise) randomised controlled trial

BackgroundObesity during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for the offspring and mother. Lifestyle interventions in pregnancy such as antenatal exercise, are proposed to improve both short- and long-term health of mother and child. We hypothesise that regular moderate-intensity exercise during the second half of pregnancy will result in improved maternal and offspring outcomes, including a reduction in birth weight and adiposity in the offspring, which may be protective against obesity in later life.Methods/DesignThe IMPROVE (Improving Maternal and Progeny Risks of Obesity Via Exercise) study is a two-arm parallel randomised controlled clinical trial being conducted in Auckland, New Zealand. Overweight and obese women (BMI ≥25xa0kg/m2) aged 18–40 years, with a singleton pregnancy of <20xa0weeks of gestation, from the Auckland region, are eligible for the trial. Exclusion criteria are ongoing smoking or medical contra-indications to antenatal exercise.Participants are randomised with 1:1 allocation ratio to either intervention or control group, using computer-generated randomisation sequences in variable block sizes, stratified on ethnicity and parity, after completion of baseline assessments. The intervention consists of a 16-week structured home-based moderate-intensity exercise programme utilising stationary cycles and heart rate monitors, commencing at 20 weeks of gestation. The control group do not receive any exercise intervention. Both groups undergo regular fetal ultrasonography and receive standard antenatal care. Due to the nature of the intervention, participants are un-blinded to group assignment during the trial.The primary outcome is offspring birth weight. Secondary offspring outcomes include fetal and neonatal body composition and anthropometry, neonatal complications and cord blood metabolic markers. Maternal outcomes include weight gain, pregnancy and delivery complications, aerobic fitness, quality of life, metabolic markers and post-partum body composition.DiscussionThe results of this trial will provide valuable insights on the effects of antenatal exercise on health outcomes in overweight and obese mothers and their offspring.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12612000932864.

Exercise in pregnancies complicated by obesity: achieving benefits and overcoming barriers

An increasing number of women are entering pregnancy in an overweight or obese state. Obese women and their offspring are at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, which may be improved by regular moderate-intensity antenatal exercise. Current guidelines recommend that all pregnant women without contraindications engage in ≥30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on a daily basis. However, obese women are usually less physically active and tend to further reduce activity levels during pregnancy. This commentary summarizes the potential short- and long-term benefits of antenatal exercise in obese pregnant women, highlights the challenges they face, and discusses means of improving their exercise levels. In addition, we make recommendations on exercise prescription for pregnancies complicated by obesity.

Induction of labour: A comparison between controlled-release dinoprostone vaginal pessary (Cervidil®) and dinoprostone intravaginal gel (Prostin E2®)

Background: There are various prostaglandin preparations available for inducing labour. Controlled‐release dinoprostone vaginal pessary is used in a number of centres in Australia and New Zealand.

Fetal growth restriction and other factors associated with neonatal death in New Zealand

Background:u2002 There are few studies of risk factors for neonatal death in Australia or New Zealand.

Induction of labour for intrauterine growth restriction at term

May not be necessary in resource rich settings

Maternal plasma miRNAs as biomarkers during mid-pregnancy to predict later spontaneous preterm birth: a pilot study

More than 10% of babies are born too early resulting in over 15 million preterm births and more than one million new-born deaths globally. Although women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) are considered at high risk for recurrence, the majority occur in women without prior history. Prediction of SPTB risk allows for improved care and potential for targeting novel and existing therapeutics to prevent SPTB, which may result in improved outcomes for infant and mother. In this pilot study, a miRNA array was used to analyse plasma from healthy women in their first pregnancy at 20 weeks of gestation who then went on to deliver either at term or experience SPTB at 28–32 weeks. We identified specific miRNA expression profiles that differentiated between those mothers who delivered at term or delivered following SPTB. miR302b, miR1253 and a clustering of miR548 miRNAs were underexpressed in SPTB cases compared to term controls. Conversely, miR223 was elevated in mothers that later experienced a SPTB. The circulating miRNAs identified in the present study may therefore be attractive candidates as non-invasive biomarkers for the early prediction of SPTB. Further larger studies are now warranted to investigate the potential clinical utility of these markers.

Identifying risk factors for stillbirth

Efforts to improve detection of fetal growth restriction must be intensified