Leslie Bethell

Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944-1948

Part I. Introduction: The Post-War Conjuncture in Latin America: 1. Democracy, labor and the left Leslie Bethell, Ian Roxborough Part II. Country Studies: 1. Brazil Leslie Bethell 2. Chile Andrew Barnard 3. Argentina Mario Rapoport 4. Bolivia Laurence Whitehead 5. Venezuela Steve Ellner 6. Peru Nigel Haworth 7. Mexico Ian Roxborough 8. Cuba Harold Sims 9. Nicaragua Jeffrey Gould 10. Costa Rica Rodolfo Cerdas Cruz 11. Guatemala James Dunkerley Conclusion: the post-war conjuncture in Latin America and its consequences Index.

Brazil and ‘Latin America’

This essay, part history of ideas and part history of international relations, examines Brazils relationship with Latin America in historical perspective. For more than a century after independence, neither Spanish American intellectuals nor Spanish American governments considered Brazil part of ‘ America Latina ’. For their part, Brazilian intellectuals and Brazilian governments only had eyes for Europe and increasingly, after 1889, the United States, except for a strong interest in the Rio de la Plata. When, especially during the Cold War, the United States, and by extension the rest of the world, began to regard and treat Brazil as part of ‘Latin America’, Brazilian governments and Brazilian intellectuals, apart from some on the Left, still did not think of Brazil as an integral part of the region. Since the end of the Cold War, however, Brazil has for the first time pursued a policy of engagement with its neighbours – in South America.

Brazil: Empire and Republic 1822–1930

Introduction: from colony to Empire 1. The independence of Brazil Leslie Bethell Part I. Empire (1822-89): 2. 1822-1870 Leslie Bethell and Jose Murilo de Carvalho 3. 1850-1870 Richard Graham 4. 1870-1889 Emilia Viotti da Costa Part II. First Republic (1889-1930): 5. Economy Warren Dean 6. Society and politics Boris Fausto Bibliographical essays Index.

Argentina Since Independence

List of maps Preface 1. From independence to national organization John Lynch 2. The growth of the Argentine economy, c. 1870-1914 Roberto Cortes Conde 3. Society and politics, 1880-1916 Ezequiel Gallo 4. Argentina in 1914: the pampas, the interior, Buenos Aires David Rock 5. From the First World War to 1930 David Rock 6. Argenitina, 1930-1946 David Rock 7. Argentina since 1946 Juan Carlos Torre and Liliana de Riz Bibliographical essays Index.

Political and social ideas in Latin America, 1870–1930

The liberal heritage in an era of ideological consensus Political and social ideas in Latin America have been affected by two obvious though frequently unappreciated facts that distinguish the region from other parts of the ‘non-Western’, ‘developing’, or ‘third’ world with which it has often been compared. First, the culture of Latin Americas governing and intellectual elites is integrally Western, that is, it has emerged within the broader confines of Western European culture, modified of course by the special characteristics Spain and Portugal imparted to their former colonies. Second, the nations of Latin America, with the exception of Cuba, gained their political independence at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is now common to refer to nineteenth-century Latin America as ‘neo-colonial’, which suggests a situation of economic and cultural dependence for nations that were politically independent. The implication is that independence was formal and superficial and that dependence was the deeper and more significant experience of the region. It is clear that the elites of ninteenth-century Latin America were tied to, even dependent on, Europe, and that their economic interests within the international capitalist system formed part of that tie. It is also clear that the bond with Europe was strengthened after 1870, with the burgeoning of the Latin American export economies. Less clear is that the circumstance of early political independence can be regarded as a superficial element in Latin American culture. On the contrary, the ideologies, political programmes and social theories of the nineteenth century, while intellectually ‘European’, were nonetheless distinctive and authentically ‘Latin American’, in part because they emerged in politically independent nations.

Ideas and ideologies in twentieth century Latin America

1. The multiverse of Latin American identity Richard M. Morse 2. Political ideas and ideologies in Latin America, 1870-1930 Charles A. Hale 3. Economic ideas and ideologies in Latin America since 1930 Joseph L. Love 4. Science in twentieth-century Latin America Thomas F. Glick.

The origins of Spanish American Independence

Spain was a durable but not a developed metropolis. At the end of the eighteenth century, after three centuries of imperial rule, Spanish Americans still saw in their mother country an image of themselves. If the colonies exported primary products, so did Spain. If the colonies depended upon the merchant marine of foreigners, so did Spain. If the colonies were dominated by a seigneurial elite, disinclined to save and invest, so was Spain. The two economies differed in one activity: the colonies produced precious metals. And even this exceptional division of labour did not automatically benefit Spain. Here was a case rare in modern history – a colonial economy dependent upon an underdeveloped metropolis. During the second half of the eighteenth century Bourbon Spain took stock of itself and sought to modernize its economy, society and institutions. Reformist ideology was eclectic in inspiration and pragmatic in intent. The starting point was Spains own condition, especially the decline in productivity. Answers were sought in various schools of thought. The ideas of the physiocrats were invoked to establish the primacy of agriculture and the role of the state; mercantilism, to justify a more effective exploitation of colonial resources; economic liberalism, to support the removal of restrictions on trade and industry. The Enlightenment too exerted its influence, not so much in new political or philosophical ideas as in a preference for reason and experiment as opposed to authority and tradition. While these divergent trends may have been reconciled in the minds of intellectuals, they help to explain the inconsistencies in the formation of policy, as modernity struggled with tradition.

The Cambridge History of Latin America Volume IX

INTRODUCTION The fifteen years between the Revolution of October–November 1930 that brought the First Republic (1889–1930) to an end and the military coup of October 1945 that ended the Estado Novo (1937–1945), a period dominated by Getulio Vargas who was president throughout, were a watershed in the political, economic and social history of Brazil. In his classic A Revolucao de 1930: historiografia e historia (Sao Paulo, 1970) Boris Fausto effectively demolished the view, prevalent in the 1960s, that the Revolution of 1930 represented the definitive end of the hegemony of the coffee-producing bourgeoisie of Sao Paulo and the rise to power of the industrial bourgeoisie and the urban middle classes. The conflict in 1930 was interregional, interoligarchical and, not least, intergenerational rather than intersectoral, much less interclass. The Revolution began on 3 October 1930 with an armed rebellion by dissident members of the political elite, especially in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais but also in the Northeast, and disaffected army officers, unwilling to accept the victory of the ‘official’ candidate, Julio Prestes, the representative of the landed oligarchy of Sao Paulo, in the presidential elections of March 1930. The rebellion triggered a golpe (military coup) on 24 October by senior army generals who removed President Washington Luis Pereira de Sousa from office. On 3 November the military transferred power to the defeated candidate in the March elections and leader of the rebellion, the governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Getulio Vargas.

Latin America : politics and society since 1930

Preface Part I. Politics: 1. Democracy in Latin America since 1930 Jonathan Hartlyn and Arturo Valenzuela A note on citizenship in Latin America since 1930 Laurence Whitehead 2. The Left in Latin America since c.1920 Alan Angell 3. The military in Latin American politics since 1930 Alain Rouquie and Stephen Suffern Part II. Society and Politics: 4. Urban labour movements in Latin America since 1930 Ian Roxborough 5. Rural mobilisations in Latin America since c.1920 Guillermo de la Pena Bibliographical essays Index.

The Independence of Latin America

List of maps Preface 1. The origins of Spanish American independence John Lynch 2. The independence of Mexico and Central America Timothy Anna 3. The independence of Spanish South America David Bushnell 4. The independence of Brazil Leslie Bethell 5. International politics and Latin American independence D. A. G. Waddell A note on the Church and the independence of Latin America Leslie Bethell Bibliographical essays Index.